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WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol

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Nanomaterial‐based advanced immunoassays

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Weihua Hu, Chang Ming Li

Published Online: Feb 04 2011

DOI: 10.1002/wnan.124

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Immunoassay has been the main stream in clinic diagnostics and still attracts extensive research interest in recent years to develop reliable, fast, sensitive, and specific detection methods and platforms to expand its applications in various areas including proteomics, drug discovery, homeland security, food safety, environmental monitoring, and health care. With the dramatic progress in material science, nanotechnology, and bioconjugation techniques, a great diversity of nanomaterials with desirable superior properties have been designed, synthesized, and tailored to facilitate high‐performance detections for advanced immunoassays. This paper comprehensively reviews recent advances in nanomaterial‐based immunoassay technologies and particularly highlights newly developed strategies associated with interdisciplinary areas for performance enhancement and related mechanisms. The future perspectives of immunosensing technologies are also discussed. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2011 3 119–133 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.124

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Figure 1.

Illustration of amperometric immunosensor utilizing the electrocatalytic activity of AuNPs and the high enzyme loading capacity of magnetic beads.10 (Reprinted with permission from Ref 10. Copyright 2009 American Chemical Society).

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Figure 2.

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Figure 3.

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Figure 4.

Scheme showing the detection of drugs and metabolites in latent fingerprints. The primary antibodies were attached on the Protein A/G coated magnetic particles, and the antibody‐conjugated particles are allowed to incubate on a fingerprint. Excess particles were removed by a magnet. Subsequently, a fluorescent secondary antibody fragment was incubated on the fingerprint. Finally the fluorescent image of the fingerprint was acquired.37 (Reprinted with permission from Ref 37. Copyright 2008 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co).

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Figure 5.

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Figure 6.

Representative SEM images of randomly orientated and aligned ZnO nanorods and the fluorescence images and intensities of protein microarrays obtained on different substrates. *Due to the irregular spot shape, the average intensity on aligned ZnO was collected from the biggest circle area on each spot.49 (Reprinted with permission from Ref 49. Copyright 2010 American Chemical Society).

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Figure 7.

Schematic illustration of a homogeneous immunoassay using antibody‐conjugated AuNPs and AuNRs coupled with DLS measurement.66 (Reprinted with permission from Ref 66. Copyright 2008 American Chemical Society).

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Figure 10.

(a) Schematic illustration of the experimental setup for BASI measurement; (b) Expanded view of the silicon substrate used; (c) Model substrate used for simulations.79 (Reprinted with permission from Ref 79. Copyright 2007 American Chemical Society).

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Figure 11.

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