Rockström, J, Falkenmark, M, Allan, T, Folke, C, Gordon, L, Jägerskog, A, Kummu, M, Lannerstad, M, Meybeck, M, Molden, D, et al. The unfolding water drama in the Anthropocene: towards a resilience‐based perspective on water for global sustainability. Ecohydrology 2014, 7:1249–1261.
Turton, A, Earle, A, Malzbender, S, Ashton, PJ. Hydropolitical vulnerability and resilience along Africa`s international waters. In: United Nations Environment Programme 2005, 19–41.
Vaz, CA, Pereira, LA. The Incomati and Limpopo international river basins: a view from downstream. Water Policy 2000, 2:99–112.
Leestemaker, JH. An analysis of the new national and sub national water laws in southern Africa: gaps between the UN‐convention, the SADC protocol and national legal systems in South Africa, Swaziland and Mozambique, 2016. Available at: http://www.thewaterpage.com/leestemaker.htm. (Accessed November 25, 2016).
Niang, I, Ruppel, OC, Abdrabo, MA, Essel, A, Lennard, C, Padgham, J, Urquhart, P. Africa. In: Barros, VR, Field, CB, Dokken, DJ, Mastrandrea, MD, Mach, KJ, Bilir, TE, Chatterjee, M, Ebi, KL, Estrada, YO, Genova, RC, Girma, B, Kissel, ES, Levy, AN, MacCracken, S, Mastrandrea, PR, White, LL, eds. Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, 2014, 1199–1265.
Engelbrecht, CJ, Engelbrecht, FA, Dyson, LL. High‐resolution model‐projected changes in mid‐tropospheric closed‐lows and extreme rainfall events over southern Africa. Int J Climatol 2012. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3420. 33:173–187.
Haensler, A, Hagemann, S, Jacob, D. How will the future climate of the southern African region might look like: results of a high‐resolution regional climate change projection. Nova Acta Leopoldina 2010, 112:183–191.
Tyson, PD. Late Quaternary Holocene palaeoclimates of southern Africa: a synthesis. S Afr J Geol 1999, 102:335–349.
Tyson, PD, Odada, EO, Partridge, TC. Late Quaternary environmental change in southern Africa. S Afr J Sci 2001, 97:139–150.
Lee‐Thorp, JA, Holmgren, K, Lauritzen, S, Linge, H, Moberg, A, Partridge, TC, Stevenson, C, Tyson, PD. Rapid climate shifts in the southern African interior throughout the mid to late Holocene. Geophys Res Lett 2001, 28:4507–4510.
Holmgren, K, Lee‐Thorp, JA, Cooper, GRJ, Lundblad, K, Partridge, TC, Scott, L, Sithaldeen, R, Siep Talma, RA, Tyson, PD. Persistent millennial scale climatic variability over the past 25,000 years in Southern Africa. Quat Sci Rev 2003, 22:2311–2326.
Scott, L, Lee‐Thorp, J. Holocene climatic trends and rhythms in southern Africa. In: Battarbee, RW, Gasse, F, Stickley, CE, eds. Past Climate Variability through Europe and Africa. Dordrecht: Springer; 2005, 69–91.
Woodborne, S, Hall, G, Robertson, I, Patrut, A, Rouault, M, Loader, NJ, Hofmeyr, M. A 1000‐year old carbon isotope rainfall proxy record from South African baobab trees Adansonia digitata. PLoS One 2015, PLoS ONE 10(5): e0124202. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124202.
Woodborne, S, Gandiwa, P, Hall, G, Patrut, A, Finch, J. A regional stable carbon isotope dendr‐climatology from the South African summer rainfall area. PLoS One 2016, 11:e0159361.
Gillson, L, Ekblom, A. Untangling anthropogenic and climatic influence on riverine forest in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Veg Hist Archaeobot 2009, 18:171–185.
Ekblom, A, Gillson, L, Holmgren, K, Risberg, J, Chidoub, Z. Rainfall variability and vegetation dynamics of the lower Limpopo Valley, Southern Africa, 500 AD to present. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclim Palaeoecol 2012, 363–634:69–78.
Sitoe, SR, Risberg, J, Norström, E, Snowball, I, Homgren, K, Achimo, M, Mugabe, J. Paleoevironment and flooding of the Limpopo River‐plain, Mozambique, between c. AD 1200‐2000. Catena 2015, 126:105–116.
Smith, JM. Climate change and agropastoral sustainability in the Shashe/Limpopo River basin from AD 900. PhD Thesis, University of Witwatersrand, 2005.
Almeida‐Lenero, L, Hooghiemstra, H, Cleef, AM, van Geel, B. Holocene climatic and environmental change from pollen records of lakes Zempoala and Quila, central Mexican highlands. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 2005, 136:63–92.
Walter, H. Ecology of Tropical and Subtropical Vegetation. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd; 1971.
Scholes, RJ, Archer, RS. Tree‐grass interactions in savannas. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 1997, 28:517–544.
Bond, WJ. What limits trees in C4 grasslands and savannas? Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 2008, 39:641–659.
Scholes, RJ, Bond, WJ, Eckhardt, HC. Vegetation dynamics in the Kruger ecosystem. In: du Toit, JT, Rogers, KH, Biggs, HC, eds. The Kruger Experience. Ecology and Management of Savanna Heterogeneity. Washington, DC: Island Press; 2003, 242–262.
Sankaran, M, Hanan, NP, Scholes, RJ, Ratnam, J, Augustine, DJ, Cade, BS, Gignoux, J, Higgins, SI, le Roux, X, Ludwig, F, et al. Determinants of woody cover in African savannas. Nature 2005, 438:846–849.
Higgins, S, Bond, WJ, Trollope, WS. Fire, resprouting and variability, a recipe for grass‐tree coexistence in savanna. J Ecol 2000, 88:213–229.
Bond, WJ, Midgley, GF, Woodward, FI. What controls South African vegetation – climate or fire? S Afr J Bot 2003, 69:79–91.
Goudie, AS, Thomas, DSG. Pans in southern Africa with special reference to South Africa and Zimbabwe. Zietschrift Geomorph 1985, 29:1–19.
Ekblom, A, Gillson, L. Hierarchy and scale: testing the role of water, grazing and citrogen in the savanna landscape of Limpopo National Park (Mozambique). Landsc Ecol 2010, 25:1529–1546.
Gillson, L, Ekblom, A. Resilience and thresholds in savannas: nitrogen and fire as drivers and responders of vegetation transition. Ecosystems 2009, 12:1189–1203.
Rogers, KH, O`Keeffe, J. River heterogeneity: ecosystem structure, function and management. In: du Toit, JT, Rogers, KH, Biggs, HC, eds. The Kruger Experience. Ecology and Management of Savanna Heterogeneity. Washington, DC: Island Press; 2003, 189–218.
O`Connor, T. Transformation of riparian forest to woodland in Mapungubwe National Park, South Africa, between 1990 and 2007. Austral Ecol 2010, 35:778–786.
Schoon, MI. Building robustness to disturbance: governance in southern African Peace Parks. Ann Arbor, School of Public and Environmental Affairs and the Department of Political Science, Indiana University, 2008.
Rountree, MW, Rogers, KH, Heritage, GL. Landscape state change in the semi‐arid Sabie River, Kruger National Park, in response to flood and drought. S Afr Geogr J 2003, 82:173–181.
Venter, FJ, Naiman, RJ, Biggs, HC, Pienaar, DJ. The evolution of conservation management philosophy: science, environmental change and social adjustments in Kruger National Park. Ecosystems 2008, 11:173–192.
McLoughlin, CA, Deacon, A, Sithole, H, Gyedu‐Ababio, T. History, rationale, and lessons learned: thresholds of potential concern in Kruger National Park river adaptive management. Koedoe 2011, 53:1–27.
Wigley, BJ, Bond, WJ, Hoffman, MT. Thicket expansion in a South African savanna under divergent land use: local vs. global drivers? Glob Change Biol 2010, 16:964–976.
Staver, AC, Archibald, S, Levin, SA. The global extent and determinants of savanna and forest as alternative biome states. Science 2011, 334:230–232.
Midgley, GF, Bond, WJ. Future of African terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystems under anthropogenic climate change. Nat Clim Change 2015, 5:823–829.
Higgins, SI, Scheiter, S. Atmospheric CO2 forces abrupt vegetation shifts locally, but not globally. Nature 2012, 488:209–212.
Ekblom, A, Gillson, L, Notelid, M. A historical ecology of Limpopo Natural Park and lower Limpopo Valley. J Archaeol Ancient Hist 2011, 1–29.
Ekblom, A, Notelid, M, Sillén, P. Archaeological surveys in the lower Limpopo Valley, Limpopo National Park. S Afr Archaeol Bull 2015, 70:201–208.
Plug, I. Overview of Iron Age fauna from the Limpopo valley. In: Lesley, M, Maggs, T, eds. African Naissance: The Limpopo Valley 1000 Years Ago. South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series. 2000, 117–126.
Huffman, TN. Climate change during the Iron Age in the Shashe‐Limpopo basin, southern Africa. J Archaeol Sci 2008, 35:2032–2047.
Huffman, TN. Mapungubwe and Great Zimbabwe: the origin and spread of social complexity in southern Africa. J Anthropol Rev 2009, 28:37–54.
Hannaford, MJ, Gigg, GJ, Jones, JM, Phimister, I, Staun, M. Climate variability and societal dynamics in pre‐colonial southern African history (AD 900‐1840): a synthesis and critique. Environ Hist 2014, 20:411–445.
Hannaford, MJ, Nash, DJ. Climate, history, society over the last millennium in southern Africa. WIREs Clim Change 2016, 7:370–392.
Manyanga, M. Resilient Landscapes: Socio‐environmental Dynamics in the Shashi‐Limpopo Basin, Southern Zimbabwe c. CE 800 to the Present. Uppsala: Ancient History, Uppsala University; 2007.
Young, S. Fertility and famine. Women`s agricultural history in southern Mozambique. In: Palmer, R, Tucker, R, eds. The Roots of Rural Poverty in Central and Southern Africa. Cape Town: South African Archaeological Society: Heinemann; 1977, 66–81.
Pikirayi, I. Environmental data %26 historical processes: historical climate reconstruction %26 the Mutapa state 1450–1862. In: Beinart, W, McGregor, J, eds. Social History %26 African Environments. Oxford: James Currey; 2003, 60–70.
Nicholson, SE. Recent rainfall fluctuations in Africa and their relationship to past conditions over the continent. Holocene 1994, 4:121–131.
Newitt, MA. A History of Mozambique. London: Hurst %26 Company; 1995.
Pienaar, U de V. Indications of progressive desiccation of the Transvaal Lowveld over the past 100 years, and implications for the water stabilisation programme in Kruger National Park. Koedoe 1985, 28:93–165.
André Fernandez in Theal G. Records of Southeastern Africa. C. Struik Ltd; 1964, vol II: 140, 74.
Slinger, JH, Hilders, M, Juizo, D. The practice of transboundary decision‐making on the Incomati River: elucidating underlying factors and their implications for institutional design. Ecol Soc 2010, 15:1.
Bennet, B, Kruger, F. Forestry + Water Conservation in South Africa: History, Science + Policy. Acton: Australian National University Press; 2015.
FAO. Drought Impact Mitigation and Prevention in the Limpopo River Basin: A Situation Analysis. FAO, 2004.
Hake, S. The Mission of Supplying Maputo with Freshwater – a political and environmental water history. MA Thesis, Uppsala University, 2016.
RAK (The Limpopo River Awareness Kit). 2016. Available at: http://www.limpopo.riverawarenesskit.org/LIMPOPORAK_COM/EN/GOVERNANCE.HTM. (Accessed November 25, 2016).
Wardman, A. The co‐operative movement in Chokwe. J S Afr Stud 1985, 11:295–304.
Kistin, EJ, Ashton, PJ, Earle, A, Malzbender, A, Patrick, MJ, Turton, AR. An overview of the content and historical context of the international freshwater agreements that South Africa has entered into with neighbouring countries. Int Environ Agree 2009, 9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784‐008‐9086‐2. Pages 1–21.
Carruthers, J. The Kruger National Park: A Social and Political History. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press; 1995.
Gaylard, A, Owen‐Smith, N, Redfern, J. Surface water availability: implications for heterogeneity and ecosystem processes. In: du Toit, JT, Rogers, KH, Biggs, HC, eds. The Kruger Experience. Ecology and Management of Savanna Heterogeneity. Pietermaritzburg: Island Press; 2003, 171–188.
Van Wilgen, BW, Biggs, HC. A critical assessment of adaptive ecosystem management in a large savanna protected area in South Africa. Biol Conserv 2011, 144:1179–1187.
Kingsford, RT, Biggs, HC, Pollard, SR. Strategic adaptive management in freshwater protected areas and their rivers. Biol Conserv 2011, 144:1194–1203.
Kruger Park Times 2016. Massingir Dam backs up into Kruger Gorge after floods. Siyabona Africa. Available at: http://www.krugerpark.co.za/krugerpark‐times‐4‐20‐massingir‐dam‐kruger‐gorge‐24772.html. (Accessed November 25, 2016).
Wray, M. 2016. Will Kruger lose its last river gorge. Kruger Park Times. Siyabona Africa. Available at: http://www.krugerpark.co.za/krugerpark‐times‐3‐8‐river‐gorge‐22763.html. (Accessed November 25, 2016).
Pollard, S, Shackleton, C, Carruthers, J. Beyond the fence: people and the Lowveld landscape. In: du Toit, JT, Rogers, KH, Biggs, HC, eds. The Kruger Experience. Ecology and Management of Savanna Heterogeneity. Washington, D.C: Island Press; 2003, 422–468.
Rouault, M, Richard, Y. Intensity and spatial extension of drought in South Africa at different time scales. Water SA 2003, 29:489–500.
Wisner, B. Flood prevention and mitigation in the People`s Republic of Mozambique. Disasters 1979, 3:293–306.
DRF (Disaster Recovery Framework) 2014. Recovery from Recurrent Floods 2000–2013. Recovery Framework Case Study. Disaster Recovery Framework.
Schoon, MI. Building robustness to disturbance: governance in southern African peace parks. Indiana University, 2008.
Hanlon, FC, Hanlon, J. Mozambique and the Great Flood of 2000, 2001. Oxford: James Currey; 2001.
Owen‐Smith, N, Oguto, J. Rainfall influences on ungulate population dynamics. In: du Toit, JT, Rogers, KH, Biggs, HC, eds. The Kruger Experience. Ecology and Management of Savanna Heterogeneity, vol. 2003. Washington, D.C: Island Press; 2003, 310–331.
Africa Geographic 2016. Kruger National Park forced to cull hippos. Available at: http://africageographic.com/blog/the‐kruger‐national‐park‐forced‐to‐cull‐hippos/. (Accessed March 20, 2016).
Givá, N, Raition, K. Coexisting with wildlife in national parks: dynamics responses from communities under adversity. In: Givá, N. Parks with people?. Ph.Diss. Uppsala: Swedish Agricultural University, 1–13.
UNICEF 2016. Mozambique: drought humanitarian situation report, October report. Maputo, UNICEF.
Milgroom, J. Elephants of democracy: an unfolding process of resettlement in the Limpopo National Park. PhD Thesis. Wageningen University, 2012.
All Africa 2016. Mozambique: 100 cattle die in drought stricken Mabalane. Available at: http://allafrica.com/stories/201601120121.html. (Accessed March 20, 2016).