References
1 Spearman, C. “General intelligence” objectively determined and measured. Am J Psychol 1904, 15:201–292.
2 Deary, IJ, Johnson, W, Houlihan, LM. Genetic foundations of human intelligence. Hum Genet 2009, 126: 215–232.
3 Posthuma, D, de Geus, EJ, Boomsma, DI. Perceptual speed and IQ are associated through common genetic factors. Behav Genet 2001, 31:593–602.
4 Wright, M, De Geus, E, Ando, J, Luciano, M, Posthuma, D, Ono, Y, Hansell, N, Van Baal, C, Hiraishi, K, Hasegawa, T, et al. Genetics of cognition: outline of a collaborative twin study. Twin Res 2001, 4:48–56.
5 Finkel, D, Pedersen, NL, McGue, M, McClearn, GE. Heritability of cognitive abilities in adult twins: comparison of Minnesota and Swedish data. Behav Genet 1995, 25:421–431.
6 Spinath, FM, Ronald, A, Harallr, N, Price, TS, Plomin, R. Phenotypic g early in life: on the etiology of general cognitive ability in a large population sample of twin children aged 2–4 years. Intelligence 2003, 31:195–210.
7 Jacobs, N, van Os, J, Derom, C, Thiery, E. Heritability of intelligence. Twin Res Hum Genet 2007, 10:11–14.
8 Deary, IJ, Whiteman, MC, Pattie, A, Starr, JM, Hayward, C, Wright, AF, Carothers, A, Whalley, LJ. Cognitive change and the APOE epsilon 4 allele. Nature 2002, 418:932.
9 Bouchard, TJ Jr, McGue, M. Familial studies of intelligence: a review. Science 1981, 212:1055–1059.
10 Inlow, JK, Restifo, LL. Molecular and comparative genetics of mental retardation. Genetics 2004, 166: 835–881.
11 Davis, OS, Kovas, Y, Harlaar, N, Busfield, P, McMillan, A, Frances, J, Petrill, SA, Dale, PS, Plomin, R. Generalist genes and the Internet generation: etiology of learning abilities by web testing at age 10. Genes Brain Behav 2008, 7:455–462.
12 Laumonnier, F, Cuthbert, PC, Grant, SG. The role of neuronal complexes in human X‐linked brain diseases. Am J Hum Genet 2007, 80:205–220.
13 Ross, MT, Grafham, DV, Coffey, AJ, Scherer, S, McLay, K, Muzny, D, Platzer, M, Howell, GR, Burrows, C, Bird, CP, et al. The DNA sequence of the human X chromosome. Nature 2005, 434:325–337.
14 Grant, SG, Marshall, MC, Page, KL, Cumiskey, MA, Armstrong, JD. Synapse proteomics of multiprotein complexes: en route from genes to nervous system diseases. Hum Mol Genet 2005, 14:R225–R234.
15 Beckmann, JS, Estivill, X, Antonarakis, SE. Copy number variants and genetic traits: closer to the resolution of phenotypic to genotypic variability. Nat Rev Genet 2007, 8:639–646.
16 Sebat, J, Lakshmi, B, Malhotra, D, Troge, J, Lese‐Martin, C, Walsh, T, Yamrom, B, Yoon, S, Krasnitz, A, Kendall, J, et al. Strong association of de novo copy number mutations with autism. Science 2007, 316:445–449.
17 Goldberg, TE, Weinberger, DR. Genes and the parsing of cognitive processes. Trends Cogn Sci 2004, 8:325–335.
18 Gould, TD, Gottesman, II. Psychiatric endophenotypes and the development of valid animal models. Genes Brain Behav 2006, 5:113–119.
19 Freedman, R, Adams, CE, Adler, LE, Bickford, PC, Gault, J, Harris, JG, Nagamoto, HT, Olincy, A, Ross, RG, Stevens, KE. Inhibitory neurophysiological deficit as a phenotype for genetic investigation of schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet 2000, 97:58–64.
20 Leonard, S, Gault, J, Hopkins, J, Logel, J, Vianzon, R, Short, M, Drebing, C, Berger, R, Venn, D, Sirota, P. Association of promoter variants in the
α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit gene with an inhibitory deficit found in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002, 59:1085–1096.
21 Egan, MF, Goldberg, TE, Kolachana, BS, Callicott, JH, Mazzanti, CM, Straub, RE, Goldman, D, Weinberger, DR. Effect of COMT Val108/158 Met genotype on frontal lobe function and risk for schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001, 98:6917–6922.
22 Lai, CS, Fisher, SE, Hurst, JA, Vargha‐Khadem, F, Monaco, AP. A forkhead‐domain gene is mutated in a severe speech and language disorder. Nature 2001, 413:519–523.
23 Bishop, DV. Genes, cognition, and communication: insights from neurodevelopmental disorders. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009, 1156:1–18.
24 Fisher, SE, DeFries, JC. Developmental dyslexia: genetic dissection of a complex cognitive trait. Nat Rev Neurosci 2002, 3:767–780.
25 Ronald, A, Happe, F, Price, TS, Baron‐Cohen, S, Plomin, R. Phenotypic and genetic overlap between autistic traits at the extremes of the general population. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006, 45:1206–1214.
26 Galsworthy, MJ, Paya‐Cano, JL, Monleon, S, Plomin, R. Evidence for general cognitive ability (g) in heterogeneous stock mice and an analysis of potential confounds. Genes Brain Behav 2002, 1:88–95.
27 Locurto, C, Fortin, E, Sullivan, R. The structure of individual differences in heterogeneous stock mice across problem types and motivational systems. Genes Brain Behav 2003, 2:40–55.
28 Tryon, RC. The genetics of learning abilities in rats. Publ Psychol Univ Calif 1929, 7:71–89.
29 Bignami, G. Selection for high rates and low rates of avoidance conditioning in the rat. Anim Behav 1965, 13:221–227.
30 Bovet, D, Bovet‐Nitti, F, Oliverio, A. Genetic aspects of learning and memory in mice. Science 1969, 163: 139–149.
31 Pittenger, C, Huang, YY, Paletzki, RF, Bourtchouladze, R, Scanlin, H, Vronskaya, S, Kandel, ER. Reversible inhibition of CREB/ATF transcription factors in region CA1 of the dorsal hippocampus disrupts hippocampus‐dependent spatial memory. Neuron 2002, 34:447–462.
32 Sung, JY, Goo, JS, Lee, DE, Jin, DQ, Bizon, JL, Gallagher, M, Han, JS. Learning strategy selection in the water maze and hippocampal CREB phosphorylation differ in two inbred strains of mice. Learn Mem 2008, 15:183–188.
33 Roullet, P, Lassalle, JM. Behavioural strategies, sensorial processes and hippocampal mossy fibre distribution in radial maze performance in mice. Behav Brain Res 1992, 48:77–85.
34 Crusio, WE. %22An introduction to quantitative genetics.%22 In: Jones, BC, Mormède, P, eds.
Neurobehavioral Genetics: Methods and Applications. Boca Raton, FL:
CRC Press; 2007, 37–54.
35 Mineur, YS, Crusio, WE, Sluyter, F. Genetic dissection of learning and memory in mice. Neural Plast 2004, 11:217–240.
36 Silva, AJ, Smith, AM, Giese, KP. Gene targeting and the biology of learning and memory. Annu Rev Genet 1997, 31:527–546.
37 Vaillend, C, Poirier, R, Laroche, S. Genes, plasticity and mental retardation. Behav Brain Res 2008, 192:88–105.
38 Crusio, WE. Flanking gene and genetic background problems in genetically manipulated mice. Biol Psychiatry 2004, 56:381–385.
39 Crusio, WE, Goldowitz, D, Holmes, A, Wolfer, D. Standards for the publication of mouse mutant studies. Genes Brain Behav 2009, 8:1–4.
40 Fodor, JA. Précis of the modularity of mind. Behav Brain Sci 1985, 8:1–5.
41 Plomin, R, Spinath, FM. Genetics and general cognitive ability (g). Trends Cogn Sci 2002, 6:169–176.
42 Rijsdijk, FV, Boomsma, DI. Genetic mediation of the correlation between peripheral nerve conduction velocity and IQ. Behav Genet 1997, 27:87–98.
43 Rijsdijk, FV, Vernon, PA, Boomsma, DI. The genetic basis of the relation between speed‐of‐information‐processing and IQ. Behav Brain Res 1998, 95:77–84.
44 O`Keefe, J, Nadel, L. The hippocampus as a cognitive map. Oxford:
Clarendon Press; 1978.
45 Crusio, WE, Genthner‐Grimm, G, Schwegler, H. A quantitative‐genetic analysis of hippocampal variation in the mouse. J Neurogenet 1986, 3:203–214.
46 Crusio, WE, Schwegler, H, Lipp, HP. Radial‐maze performance and structural variation of the hippocampus in mice: a correlation with mossy fibre distribution. Brain Res 1987, 425:182–185.
47 Crusio, WE, Schwegler, H. Learning spatial orientation tasks in the radial‐maze and structural variation in the hippocampus in inbred mice. Behav Brain Funct 2005, 1:3.
48 Schwegler, H, Crusio, WE, Brust, I. Hippocampal mossy fibers and radial‐maze learning in the mouse: a correlation with spatial working memory but not with non‐spatial reference memory. Neuroscience 1990, 34:293–298.
49 Schwegler, H, Lipp, HP. Hereditary covariations of neuronal circuitry and behavior: correlations between the proportions of hippocampal synaptic fields in the regio inferior and two‐way avoidance in mice and rats. Behav Brain Res 1983, 7:1–38.
50 Broadhurst, PL, Jinks, JL. %22What genetical architecture can tell us about the natural selection of behavioural traits.%22 In: van Abeelen, JHF, ed.
The Genetics of Behaviour. North‐Holland:
North Holland, Amsterdam; 1974, 43–63.
51 Keller, MC, Miller, G. Resolving the paradox of common, harmful, heritable mental disorders: which evolutionary genetic models work best? Behav Brain Sci 2006, 29:385–404, discussion 405–352.
52 Happe, F. Autism: cognitive deficit or cognitive style? Trends Cogn Sci 1999, 3:216–222.
53 Wright, A, Charlesworth, B, Rudan, I, Carothers, A, Campbell, H. A polygenic basis for late‐onset disease. Trends Genet 2003, 19:97–106.
54 Butcher, LM, Davis, OS, Craig, IW, Plomin, R. Genome‐wide quantitative trait locus association scan of general cognitive ability using pooled DNA and 500K single nucleotide polymorphism microarrays. Genes Brain Behav 2008, 7:435–446.
55 Docherty, SJ, Davis, OS, Kovas, Y, Meaburn, EL, Dale, PS, Petrill, SA, Schalkwyk, LC, Plomin, R. A genome‐wide association study identifies multiple loci associated with mathematics ability and disability. Genes Brain Behav 9:234–247.
56 Caspi, A, Williams, B, Kim‐Cohen, J, Craig, IW, Milne, BJ, Poulton, R, Schalkwyk, LC, Taylor, A, Werts, H, Moffitt, TE. Moderation of breastfeeding effects on the IQ by genetic variation in fatty acid metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007, 104:18860–18865.
57 Nithianantharajah, J, Hannan, AJ. Enriched environments, experience‐dependent plasticity and disorders of the nervous system. Nat Rev Neurosci 2006, 7:697–709.
58 Rampon, C, Tang, YP, Goodhouse, J, Shimizu, E, Kyin, M, Tsien, JZ. Enrichment induces structural changes and recovery from nonspatial memory deficits in CA1 NMDAR1‐knockout mice. Nat Neurosci 2000, 3:238–244.
59 Chida, Y, Sudo, N, Mori, J, Kubo, C. Social isolation stress impairs passive avoidance learning in senescence‐accelerated mouse (SAM). Brain Res 2006, 1067: 201–208.
60 Dong, H, Goico, B, Martin, M, Csernansky, CA, Bertchume, A, Csernansky, JG. Modulation of hippocampal cell proliferation, memory, and amyloid plaque deposition in APPsw (Tg2576) mutant mice by isolation stress. Neuroscience 2004, 127:601–609.
61 Johnson, W. Genetic and environmental influences on behavior: capturing all the interplay. Psychol Rev 2007, 114:423–440.
62 Ramus, F. Genes, brain, and cognition: a roadmap for the cognitive scientist. Cognition 2006, 101:247–269.
63 Vernes, SC, Newbury, DF, Abrahams, BS, Winchester, L, Nicod, J, Groszer, M, Alarcon, M, Oliver, PL, Davies, KE, Geschwind, DH, et al. A functional genetic link between distinct developmental language disorders. N Engl J Med 2008, 359:2337–2345.
64 Moy, SS, Nadler, JJ, Magnuson, TR, Crawley, JN. Mouse models of autism spectrum disorders: the challenge for behavioral genetics. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 2006, 142C:40–51.