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WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol

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Nanoimaging and neurological surgery

Advanced Review

Ion Dan Grosu, Madalina Alexandra Toms, Steven A. Toms

Published Online: Jul 28 2010

DOI: 10.1002/wnan.106

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Over 32 million surgical procedures are performed in the United States each year. Increasingly, image guidance is used in order to aid in the surgical localization of pathology, minimization of incisions, and improvement of surgical intervention outcomes. A variety of imaging modalities using different portions of the electromagnetic spectrum are used in neurological surgery. These include wavelengths used in ultrasonography, optical, infrared, ionizing radiation, and magnetic resonance. The use of currently available image‐guidance tools for neurological surgery is reviewed. Advances in nanoparticulates and their integration into the neurosurgical operating room environment are discussed. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2010 2 601–617

Figure 1.

Representative operating room is set up for a craniotomy with optical tracking camera and computer display for stereotactic surgical navigation.

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Figure 2.

Closeup of computer display for surgical navigation shows a large left frontal lobe brain tumor. Cross hatches on the screen represent the location of the optical pointer during surgical resection of the tumor.

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Figure 3.

Representative nanoparticles that can serve as nanoplatforms for targeted molecular imaging in living subjects are shown.

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Figure 4.

Intravenous delivery of QDs via tail vein injections in rat subcutaneous tumor model show the accumulation of QDs 24 h post‐injection.

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Figure 5.

Photomicroscopy of rat subcutaneous tumor shown in Figure 4 shows red fluorescent QDs within the green CDllb‐positive macrophages and microglia. Some QDs are also seen in the 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI)‐counterstained tumor cells from tumor autophagy of the QDs.

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Figure 6.

Preoperative gadolinium‐enhanced (a), USPIO‐enhanced (b), and intraoperative USPIO‐enhanced T1‐weighted MR images (c) from patient with a malignant brain tumor. Panels (b) and (c) were obtained approximately 24 h after USPIO administration.

[ Normal View 25K | Magnified View 34K ]

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Robert Langer

works at the interface of biotechnology and materials science. His lab is researching many topics, such as investigating the mechanism of release from polymeric delivery systems with concomitant microstructural analysis and mathematical modeling; studying applications of these systems including the development of effective long-term delivery systems for insulin, anti-cancer drugs, growth factors, gene therapy agents and vaccines; developing controlled release systems that can be magnetically, ultrasonically, or enzymatically triggered to increase release rates; synthesizing new biodegradable polymeric delivery systems which will ultimately be absorbed by the body; creating new approaches for delivering drugs such as proteins and genes across complex barriers such as the blood-brain barrier, the intestine, the lung and the skin; stem cell research including controlling growth and differentiation; and creating new biomaterials with shape memory or surface switching properties.

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