Development of molecular imaging and nanomedicine in China

Opinion

Baozhong Shen, Wang Kezheng, Sun Xilin, Wu Lina

Published Online: Aug 17 2011

DOI: 10.1002/wnan.156

How to cite this article
Download citation
Contact the editor about this article
Authors: submit updates and notes
Comment on this article
Share

Full article on Wiley Online Library: HTML PDF

Can't access this content? Tell your librarian.

The rapid progress of molecular imaging (MI) and the application of nanotechnology in medicine have the potential to advance the foundations of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases. Although MI and biomedical nanotechnology are still in a formative phase in China, much has been achieved over the last decade. This article provides a commentary on the development and current status of nanomedicine in China, with a selective focus on Chinese nanoparticle synthesis technology, the development of imaging equipment, and the preclinical application of novel MI probes. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2011 3 533–544 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.156

This WIREs title offers downloadable PowerPoint presentations of figures for non-profit, educational use, provided the content is not modified and full credit is given to the author and publication.

Download a PowerPoint presentation of all images

Figure 1.

A brief history of the development of molecular imaging in China.

[ Normal View 72K | Magnified View 145K ]

Figure 2.

Molecular imaging and nanomedicine papers published per year by Chinese scientists from 2001 to 2011 (April) according to Pubmed.

[ Normal View 8K | Magnified View 17K ]

References

1 Weissleder, R. Molecular imaging: exploring the next frontier. Radiology 1999, 212:609–614.
2 Kim, EE, Corgan, RL, Casper, S, Primus, FJ, Spremulli, E, Estes, N, Goldenberg, DM. Axillary lymphoscintigraphy by radioimmunodetection of carcinoembryonic antigen in breast cancer. J Nucl Med 1979, 20:1243–1250.
3 Kim, BY, Rutka, JT, Chan, WC. Nanomedicine. N Engl J Med 2010, 363:2434–2443.
4 Caruthers, SD, Wickline, SA, Lanza, GM. Nanotechnological applications in medicine. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2007, 18:26–30.
5 Ferrari, M. Cancer nanotechnology: opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Cancer 2005, 5:161–171.
6 He, J, Qi, X, Miao, Y, Wu, HL, He, N, Zhu, JJ. Application of smart nanostructures in medicine. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2010, 5:1129–1138.
7 Winter, PM, Caruthers, SD, Kassner, A, Harris, TD, Chinen, LK, Allen, JS, Lacy, EK, Zhang, H, Robertson, JD, Wickline, SA, et al. Molecular imaging of angiogenesis in nascent Vx‐2 rabbit tumors using a novel α(ν)β3‐targeted nanoparticle and 1.5 tesla magnetic resonance imaging. Cancer Res 2003, 63:5838–5843.
8 Jain, RK, Stylianopoulos, T. Delivering nanomedicine to solid tumors. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2010, 7:653–664.
9 Winter, PM, Morawski, AM, Caruthers, SD, Fuhrhop, RW, Zhang, H, Williams, TA, Allen, JS, Lacy, EK, Robertson, JD, Lanza, GM, et al. Molecular imaging of angiogenesis in early‐stage atherosclerosis with α(v)β3‐integrin‐targeted nanoparticles. Circulation 2003, 108:2270–2274.
10 Weise, G, Basse‐Luesebrink, TC, Wessig, C, Jakob, PM, Stoll, G. In vivo imaging of inflammation in the peripheral nervous system by (19)F MRI. Exp Neurol 2011.
11 Zhou, HF, Hu, G, Wickline, SA, Lanza, GM, Pham, CT. Synergistic effect of antiangiogenic nanotherapy combined with methotrexate in the treatment of experimental inflammatory arthritis. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2010, 5:1065–1074.
12 Cormode, DP, Skajaa, T, Fayad, ZA, Mulder, WJ. Nanotechnology in medical imaging: probe design and applications. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009, 29:992–1000.
13 Liu, YQ. Prospects of medical imaging in 21st century—China` s status and development strategies. Natl Med J China 2001, 81:385–386.
14 Wang, Y, Chen, L. Quantum dots, lighting up the research and development of nanomedicine. Nanomedicine 2011.
15 Peng, ZA, Peng, X. Formation of high‐quality CdTe, CdSe, and CdS nanocrystals using CdO as precursor. J Am Chem Soc 2001, 123:183–184.
16 Peng, ZA, Peng, X. Mechanisms of the shape evolution of CdSe nanocrystals. J Am Chem Soc 2001, 123:1389–1395.
17 Wang, C, Gao, X, Su, X. In vitro and in vivo imaging with quantum dots. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010, 397:1397–1415.
18 Yang, Y, Gao, M. Preparation of fluorescent SiO2 particles with single CdTe nanocrystal cores by the reverse microemulsion method. Adv Mater 2005, 17:2354–2357.
19 Yang, Y, Jing, L, Yu, X, Yan, D, Gao, M. Coating aqueous quantum dots with silica via reverse microemulsion method: toward size‐controllable and robust fluorescent nanoparticles. Chem Mater 2007, 19:4123–4128.
20 Jing, L, Yang, C, Qiao, R, Niu, M, Du, M, Wang, D, Gao, M. Highly fluorescent CdTe@SiO2 particles prepared via reverse microemulsion method. Chem Mater 2010, 22:420–427.
21 Bao, HB, Gong, YJ, Li, Z, Gao, MY. Enhancement effect of illumination on the photoluminescence of water‐soluble CdTe nanocrystals: toward highly fluorescent CdTe/CdS core‐shell structure. Chem Mater 2004, 16:3853–3859.
22 Zhou, L, Gao, C, Hu, X, Xu, W. One‐pot large‐scale synthesis of robust ultrafine silica‐hybridized CdTe quantumdots. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2010, 2:1211–1219.
23 Liang, JR, Zhong, WY, Yu, JS. Rapid aqueous synthesis of high‐quality CdTe colloidal quantum dots. Chem J Chin Univ‐Chin 2009, 30:14–18.
24 Wen, LQ, Lu, JQ, Lu, HQ, Zhou, XW, Sun, TQ. Effect of amino acid on the fluorescence of CdTe quantum dots. Acta Phys‐Chim Sin 2008, 24:725–728.
25 Qian, J, Zhang, C, Cao, X, Liu, S. Versatile immunosensor using a quantum dot coated silica nanosphere as a label for signal amplification. Anal Chem 2010, 82:6422–6429.
26 Zhang, CY, Ma, H, Ding, Y, Jin, L, Chen, DY, Miao, Q, Nie, SM. Studies on quantum dots‐labeled trichosanthin. Chem J Chin Univ‐Chin 2001, 22:34–37.
27 Li, ZH, Wang, KM, Tan, WH, Li, J, Fu, ZY, Ma, CB, Li, HM, He, XX, Liu, JB. Immunofluorescent labeling of cancer cells with quantum dots synthesized in aqueous solution. Anal Biochem 2006, 354:169–174.
28 Zhang, J, Jia, X, Lv, XJ, Deng, YL, Xie, HY. Fluorescent quantum dot‐labeled aptamer bioprobes specifically targeting mouse liver cancer cells. Talanta 2010, 81:505–509.
29 Wang, ZJ, Cai, W, Sui, JH. Blue luminescence emitted from monodisperse thiolate‐capped Au‐11 clusters. Chemphyschem 2009, 10:2012–2015.
30 Lin, CAJ, Yang, TY, Lee, CH, Huang, SH, Sperling, RA, Zanella, M, Li, JK, Shen, JL, Wang, HH, Yeh, HI, et al. Synthesis, characterization, and bioconjugation of fluorescent gold nanoclusters toward biological labeling applications. ACS Nano 2009, 3:395–401.
31 Nune, SK, Gunda, P, Thallapally, PK, Lin, YY, Forrest, ML, Berkland, CJ. Nanoparticles for biomedical imaging. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2009, 6:1175–1194.
32 Tang, B, Zhang, N, Chen, Z, Xu, K, Zhuo, L, An, L, Yang, G. Probing hydroxyl radicals and their imaging in living cells by use of FAM‐DNA‐Au nanoparticles. Chemistry 2008, 14:522–528.
33 Huang, Y, Yu, F, Park, YS, Wang, J, Shin, MC, Chung, HS, Yang, VC. Co‐administration of protein drugs with gold nanoparticles to enable percutaneous delivery. Biomaterials 31:9086–9091.
34 Hong, X, Guo, W, Yuang, H, Li, J, Liu, YM, Ma, L, Bai, YB, Li, TJ. Periodate oxidation of nanoscaled magnetic dextran composites. J Magn Magn Mater 2004, 269:95–100.
35 Wan, SR, Huang, JS, Yan, HS, Liu, KL. Size‐controlled preparation of magnetite nanoparticles in the presence of graft copolymers. J Mater Chem 2006, 16:298–303.
36 Li, Z, Sun, Q, Gao, MY. Preparation of water‐soluble magnetite nanocrystals from hydrated ferric salts in 2‐pyrrolidone: mechanism leading to Fe3O4. Angew Chem Int Edit 2005, 44:123–126.
37 Wang, X, Zhuang, J, Peng, Q, Li, YD. A general strategy for nanocrystal synthesis. Nature 2005, 437:121–124.
38 Liang, X, Wang, X, Zhuang, J, Chen, YT, Wang, DS, Li, YD. Synthesis of nearly monodisperse iron oxide and oxyhydroxide nanocrystals. Adv Funct Mater 2006, 16:1805–1813.
39 Si, SF, Li, CH, Wang, X, Yu, DP, Peng, Q, Li, YD. Magnetic monodisperse Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Cryst Growth Des 2005, 5:391–393.
40 Deng, H, Li, XL, Peng, Q, Wang, X, Chen, JP, Li, YD. Monodisperse magnetic single‐crystal ferrite microspheres. Angew Chem Int Edit 2005, 44:2782–2785.
41 Wang, LY, Bao, J, Wang, L, Zhang, F, Li, YD. One‐pot synthesis and bioapplication of amine‐functionalized magnetite nanoparticles and hollow nanospheres. Chem Eur J 2006, 12:6341–6347.
42 Cai, W, Wan, JQ. Facile synthesis of superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles in liquid polyols. J Colloid Interface Sci 2007, 305:366–370.
43 Lv, Y, Tian, J, Cong, W, Wang, G. Experimental study on bioluminescence tomography with multimodality fusion. Int J Biomed Imaging 2007.
44 Zhai, YM, Zhai, JF, Wang, YL, Guo, SJ, Ren, W, Dong, SJ. Fabrication of iron oxide core/gold shell submicrometer spheres with nanoscale surface roughness for efficient surface‐enhanced Raman scattering. J Phys Chem C 2009, 113:7009–7014.
45 Yang, HH, Zhang, SQ, Chen, XL, Zhuang, ZX, Xu, JG, Wang, XR. Magnetite‐containing spherical silica nanoparticles for biocatalysis and bioseparations. Anal Chem 2004, 76:1316–1321.
46 Xu, CJ, Xu, KM, Gu, HW, Zheng, RK, Liu, H, Zhang, XX, Guo, ZH, Xu, B. Dopamine as a robust anchor to immobilize functional molecules on the iron oxide shell of magnetic nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2004, 126:9938–9939.
47 Lu, J, Ma, S, Sun, J, Xia, C, Liu, C, Wang, Z, Zhao, X, Gao, F, Gong, Q, Song, B, et al. Manganese ferrite nanoparticle micellar nanocomposites as MRI contrast agent for liver imaging. Biomaterials 2009, 30:2919–2928.
48 Shi, XL, Gu, JY, Han, B, Xu, HY, Fang, L, Ding, YT. Magnetically labeled mesenchymal stem cells after autologous transplantation into acutely injured liver. World J Gastroenterol 2010, 16:3674–3679.
49 Ma, ZL, Mai, XL, Sun, JH, Ju, SH, Yang, X, Ni, Y, Teng, GJ. Inhibited atherosclerotic plaque formation by local administration of magnetically labeled endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in a rabbit model. Atherosclerosis 2009, 205:80–86.
50 Ju, S, Teng, GJ, Lu, H, Zhang, Y, Zhang, A, Chen, F, Ni, Y. In vivo MR tracking of mesenchymal stem cells in rat liver after intrasplenic transplantation. Radiology 2007, 245:206–215.
51 Sun, JH, Teng, GJ, Ju, SH, Ma, ZL, Mai, XL, Ma, M. MR tracking of magnetically labeled mesenchymal stem cells in rat kidneys with acute renal failure. Cell Transplant 2008, 17:279–290.
52 Wang, K, Wang, K, Shen, B, Huang, T, Sun, X, Li, W, Jin, G, Li, L, Bu, L, Li, R, et al. MR reporter gene imaging of endostatin expression and therapy. Mol Imaging Biol 2010, 12:520–529.
53 Luo, K, Tian, J, Liu, G, Sun, J, Xia, C, Tang, H, Lin, L, Miao, T, Zhao, X, Gao, F, et al. Self‐assembly of SiO2/Gd‐DTPA‐polyethylenimine nanocomposites as magnetic resonance imaging probes. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 10:540–548.
54 Yang, H, Zhuang, Y, Sun, Y, Dai, A, Shi, X, Wu, D, Li, F, Hu, H, Yang, S. Targeted dual‐contrast T(1)‐ and T(2)‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging of tumors using multifunctional gadolinium‐labeled superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2011, 32:4584–4593.
55 Zhou, J, Yu, M, Sun, Y, Zhang, X, Zhu, X, Wu, Z, Wu, D, Li, F. Fluorine‐18‐labeled Gd3+/Yb3+/Er3+ co‐doped NaYF4 nanophosphors for multimodality PET/MR/UCL imaging. Biomaterials 2011, 32:1148–1156.
56 Wang, XF, Jin, PP, Tong, Z, Zhao, YP, Ding, QL, Wang, DB, Zhao, GM, Jing, D, Wang, HL, Ge, HL. MR molecular imaging of thrombus: development and application of a Gd‐based novel contrast agent targeting to P‐selectin. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2010, 16:177–183.
57 Huang, CC, Khu, NH, Yeh, CS. The characteristics of sub 10 nm manganese oxide T1 contrast agents of different nanostructured morphologies. Biomaterials 2010, 31:4073–4078.
58 Wu, X, Wang, ZG, Hu, B, Ran, HT, Li, P, Xu, CS, Zheng, YY, Li, A. Targeting an ultrasound contrast agent to folate receptors on ovarian cancer cells feasibility research for ultrasonic molecular imaging of tumor cells. J Ultrasound Med 29:609–614.
59 Xu, HX, Liu, GJ, Lu, MD, Xie, XY, Xu, ZF, Zheng, YL, Liang, JY. Characterization of focal liver lesions using contrast‐enhanced sonography with a low mechanical index mode and a sulfur hexafluoride‐filled microbubble contrast agent. J Clin Ultrasound 2006, 34:261–272.
60 Wang, B, Zang, WJ, Wang, M, Ai, H, Wang, YW, Li, YP, He, GS, Wang, L, Yu, XJ. Prolonging the ultrasound signal enhancement from thrombi using targeted microbubbles based on sulfur‐hexafluoride‐filled gas. Acad Radiol 2006, 13:428–433.
61 Yu, JF, Zhang, D, Gong, XF, Gong, YJ, Zhu, ZM, Liu, XM. Frequency dependences of sound attenuation and phase velocity in suspensions containing encapsulated microbubbles. Chin Phys Lett 2005, 22:892–895.
62 Shen, CC, Hsieh, YC. Optimal transmit phasing on tissue background suppression in contrast harmonic imaging. Ultrasound Med Biol 2008, 34:1820–1831.
63 Shen, CC, Yeh, CK, Chen, WS, Wang, HW. The effect of third harmonic transmit phasing on contrast agent responses for CTR improvement. Phys Med Biol 2008, 53:6179–6194.
64 Yang, K, Zhou, Y, Ren, QS, Ye, JY, Deng, CX. Dynamics of microbubble generation and trapping by self‐focused femtosecond laser pulses. Appl Phys Lett 2009, 95.
65 Pan, J, Hou, ZQ, Zhu, PJ, Wang, YG, Wang, Q, Zhang, QQ. %22Optimization of production of PLA microbubble ultrasound contrast agents for Hydroxycamptothecin delivery.%22 In: Bmei 2008: Proceedings of the International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Informatics. Vol. 1. 2008, 400–406.
66 Lanza, GM, Wallace, KD, Scott, MJ, Cacheris, WP, Abendschein, DR, Christy, DH, Sharkey, AM, Miller, JG, Gaffney, PJ, Wickline, SA. A novel site‐targeted ultrasonic contrast agent with broad biomedical application. Circulation 1996, 94:3334–3340.
67 Liu, R, Wei, X, Yao, Y, Chai, Q, Chen, Y, Xu, Y. The preparation and characterization of gas bubble containing liposomes. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2005, 4:3998–4001.
68 Ke, H, Xing, ZW, Zhao, B, Wang, JR, Liu, JB, Guo, CX, Yue, XL, Liu, SQ, Tang, ZY, Dai, ZF. Quantum‐dot‐modified microbubbles with bi‐mode imaging capabilities. Nanotechnology 2009, 20.
69 Xu, HX, Lu, MD. The current status of contrast‐enhanced ultrasound in China. J Med Ultrasonics 2010, 37:97–106.
70 Xing, ZW, Wang, JR, Ke, HT, Zhao, B, Yue, XL, Dai, ZF, Liu, JB. The fabrication of novel nanobubble ultrasound contrast agent for potential tumor imaging. Nanotechnology 2010, 21:8.
71 Wang, Y, Li, X, Zhou, Y, Huang, P, Xu, Y. Preparation of nanobubbles for ultrasound imaging and intracellular drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2010, 384:148–153.
72 Winter, PM, Shukla, HP, Caruthers, SD, Scott, MJ, Fuhrhop, RW, Robertson, JD, Gaffney, PJ, Wickline, SA, Lanza, GM. Molecular imaging of human thrombus with computed tomography. Acad Radiol 2005, 12(Suppl 1):S9–S13.
73 Pan, D, Williams, TA, Senpan, A, Allen, JS, Scott, MJ, Gaffney, PJ, Wickline, SA, Lanza, GM. Detecting vascular biosignatures with a colloidal, radio‐opaque polymeric nanoparticle. J Am Chem Soc 2009, 131:15522–15527.
74 Hyafil, F, Cornily, JC, Feig, JE, Gordon, R, Vucic, E, Amirbekian, V, Fisher, EA, Fuster, V, Feldman, LJ, Fayad, ZA. Noninvasive detection of macrophages using a nanoparticulate contrast agent for computed tomography. Nat Med 2007, 13:636–641.
75 Rabin, O, Manuel Perez, J, Grimm, J, Wojtkiewicz, G, Weissleder, R. An X‐ray computed tomography imaging agent based on long‐circulating bismuth sulphide nanoparticles. Nat Mater 2006, 5:118–122.
76 Zhong, JS, Xiang, WD, Liu, LJ, Liang, XJ, Yang, XY, Liu, HT, Zhang, JF. Preparation and characterization of bismuth sulfide nanorods. Rare Metal Mat Eng 2010, 39:347–349.
77 Wang, Y, Chen, J, Wang, P, Chen, L, Chen, YB, Wu, LM. Syntheses, growth mechanism, and optical properties of [001] growing Bi2S3 nanorods. J Phys Chem C 2009, 113:16009–16014.
78 Deng, Y, Zhang, YJ, Xiang, Y, Wang, GS, Xu, HB. Bi2S3‐BaTiO3/PVDF three‐phase composites with high dielectric permittivity. J Mater Chem 2009, 19:2058–2061.
79 Wang, DS, Zheng, W, Hao, CH, Peng, Q, Li, YD. A synthetic method for transition‐metal chalcogenide nanocrystals. Chem ‐ Eur J 2009, 15:1870–1875.
80 Pan, D, Roessl, E, Schlomka, JP, Caruthers, SD, Senpan, A, Scott, MJ, Allen, JS, Zhang, H, Hu, G, Gaffney, PJ, et al. Computed tomography in color: nanoK‐enhanced spectral CT molecular imaging. Angew Chem Int Edit Engl 2010, 49:9635–9639.
81 Ji, XH, Song, XN, Li, J, Bai, YB, Yang, WS, Peng, XG. Size control of gold nanocrystals in citrate reduction: the third role of citrate. J Am Chem Soc 2007, 129:13939–13948.
82 Lu, LP, Wang, SQ, Lin, XQ. Fabrication of layer‐by‐layer deposited multilayer films containing DNA and gold nanoparticle for norepinephrine biosensor. Anal Chim Acta 2004, 519:161–166.
83 Wang, ZJ, Wu, LN, Cai, W. Size‐tunable synthesis of monodisperse water‐soluble gold nanoparticles with high X‐ray attenuation. Chem Eur J 2010, 16:1459–1463.
84 Shi, J, Tian, J, Xu, M, Yang, W. Spatial weighed element based FEM incorporating a priori information on bioluminescence tomography. Med Image Comput Comput Assist Interv 2008, 11(Pt 1):874–882.
85 Guo, R, Wang, H, Peng, C, Shen, M, Pan, M, Cao, X, Zhang, G, Shi, X. X‐ray attenuation property of dendrimer‐entrapped gold nanoparticles. J Phys Chem C 2009, 114:50–56.
86 Peng, C, Wang, H, Guo, R, Shen, MW, Cao, XY, Zhang, GX, Shi, XY. Acetylation of dendrimer‐entrapped gold nanoparticles: synthesis, stability, and X‐ray attenuation property. International Forum on Biomedical Textile Materials, Proceedings. 2010, 220–224.
87 Chien, CC, Liu, CJ, Chen, HS, Wang, CH, Chen, ST, Leng, WH, Hwu, Y. %22Microradiology imaging of the biodistribution of polyethylene glycol (Peg) modified gold nanoparticles in cancer bearing mice.%22 In: Cricenti, A, Margaritondo, G, eds. Proceedings of the Workshop on Sychrotron Radiation and Nanostructures—Papers in Honour of Paolo Perfetti. 2009, 132–146.
88 Wang, CH, Liu, CJ, Wang, CL, Hua, TE, Obliosca, JM, Le, KH, Hwu, Y, Yang, CS, Liu, RS, Lin, HM, et al. Optimizing the size and surface properties of polyethylene glycol (PEG)‐gold nanoparticles by intense X‐ray irradiation. J Phys D 2008, 41.
89 Yan, W, Chen, XJ, Li, XH, Feng, XM, Zhu, JJ. Fabrication of a label‐free electrochemical immunosensor of low‐density lipoprotein. J Phys Chem B 2008, 112:1275–1281.
90 Jin, YD, Shao, Y, Dong, SJ. Direct electrochemistry and surface plasmon resonance characterization of alternate layer‐by‐layer self‐assembled DNA‐myoglobin thin films on chemically modified gold surfaces. Langmuir 2003, 19:4771–4777.
91 Shi, P, Jiang, Q, Lin, J, Zhao, Y, Lin, L, Guo, Z. Gold(III) compounds of 1,4,7‐triazacyclononane showing high cytotoxicity against A‐549 and HCT‐116 tumor cell lines. J Inorg Biochem 2006, 100:939–945.
92 Liang, F, Chen, B. A review on biomedical applications of single‐walled carbon nanotubes. Curr Med Chem 17:10–24.
93 Peters, KS, Snyder, GJ. Time‐resolved photoacoustic calorimetry: probing the energetics and dynamics of fast chemical and biochemical reactions. Science 1988, 241:1053–1057.
94 Ntziachristos, V. Going deeper than microscopy: the optical imaging frontier in biology. Nat Methods 2010, 7:603–614.
95 Xiang, L, Yuan, Y, Xing, D, Ou, Z, Yang, S, Zhou, F. Photoacoustic molecular imaging with antibody‐functionalized single‐walled carbon nanotubes for early diagnosis of tumor. J Biomed Opt 2009, 14:021008.
96 Hu, L, Jia, Y. WenDing: preparation and characterization of solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with epirubicin for pulmonary delivery. Pharmazie 65:585–587.
97 Schmieder, AH, Caruthers, SD, Zhang, H, Williams, TA, Robertson, JD, Wickline, SA, Lanza, GM. Three‐dimensional MR mapping of angiogenesis with α5β1(ανβ3)‐targeted theranostic nanoparticles in the MDA‐MB‐435 xenograft mouse model. FASEB J 2008, 22:4179–4189.
98 Wang, X, Deng, L, Chen, X, Pei, H, Cai, L, Zhao, X, Wei, Y, Chen, L. Truncated bFGF‐mediated cationic liposomal paclitaxel for tumor‐targeted drug delivery: improved pharmacokinetics and biodistribution in tumor‐bearing mice. J Pharm Sci.
99 Luo, J, Xiao, K, Li, Y, Lee, JS, Shi, L, Tan, YH, Xing, L, Holland Cheng, R, Liu, GY, Lam, KS. Well‐defined, size‐tunable, multifunctional micelles for efficient paclitaxel delivery for cancer treatment. Bioconjug Chem 21:1216–1224.
100 Zou, P, Yu, Y, Wang, YA, Zhong, Y, Welton, A, Galban, C, Wang, S, Sun, D. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanotheranostics for targeted cancer cell imaging and pH‐dependent intracellular drug release. Mol Pharm.
101 Qin, C, Zhu, S, Tian, J. New optical molecular imaging systems. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2010, 11:620–627.
102 Liu, K, Tian, J, Lu, Y, Qin, C, Yang, X, Zhu, S, Zhang, X. A fast bioluminescent source localization method based on generalized graph cuts with mouse model validations. Opt Express 2010, 18:3732–3745.
103 Lv, Y, Tian, J, Cong, W, Wang, G, Yang, W, Qin, C, Xu, M. Spectrally resolved bioluminescence tomography with adaptive finite element analysis: methodology and simulation. Phys Med Biol 2007, 52:4497–4512.
104 Li, H, Tian, J, Zhu, F, Cong, W, Wang, LV, Hoffman, EA, Wang, G. A mouse optical simulation environment (MOSE) to investigate bioluminescent phenomena in the living mouse with the Monte Carlo method. Acad Radiol 2004, 11:1029–1038.
105 Zhao, Q, Ji, L, Jiang, T. Improving performance of reflectance diffuse optical imaging using a multicentered mode. J Biomed Opt 2006, 11:064019.
106 Liu, K, Tian, J, Wang, P, Liu, D, Lv, Y, Xu, M, Qin, C. An adaptive multigrid method for modeling photon transport through biological tissues in bioluminescence tomography. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2008, 462–465.
107 Liu, K, Yang, X, Liu, D, Qin, C, Liu, J, Chang, Z, Xu, M, Tian, J. Spectrally resolved three‐dimensional bioluminescence tomography with a level‐set strategy. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 2010, 27:1413–1423.
108 Shen, B, Wang, Z, Li, R, Xie, L, Yang, Y, He, N. In vivo molecular imaging of GFP labeled Lewis lung cancer in mice model. Zhonghua Fang She Xue Za Zhi 2004, 338:418–422.
109 Li, R, Shen, B, Wang, Z, He, N. Molecular imaging research on the effect of endostatin on mice GFP‐expressing Lewis lung carcinoma. Zhonghua Fang She Xue Za Zhi 2004, 38:423–427.
110 Wang, K, Wang, K, Li, W, Huang, T, Li, R, Wang, D, Shen, B, Chen, X. Characterizing breast cancer xenograft epidermal growth factor receptor expression by using near‐infrared optical imaging. Acta Radiol 2009, 50:1095–1103.
111 Wu, Z, Chen, S, Cheng, J. Scatter correction of PET based on non‐linear statistical estimate method. Sheng Wu Yi Xue Gong Cheng Xue Za Zhi 2005, 22:74–77.

blog comments powered by Disqus

Access to this WIREs title is by subscription only.

Recommend to Your
Librarian Now!

The latest WIREs articles in your inbox

In the Spotlight

Robert Langer

works at the interface of biotechnology and materials science. His lab is researching many topics, such as investigating the mechanism of release from polymeric delivery systems with concomitant microstructural analysis and mathematical modeling; studying applications of these systems including the development of effective long-term delivery systems for insulin, anti-cancer drugs, growth factors, gene therapy agents and vaccines; developing controlled release systems that can be magnetically, ultrasonically, or enzymatically triggered to increase release rates; synthesizing new biodegradable polymeric delivery systems which will ultimately be absorbed by the body; creating new approaches for delivering drugs such as proteins and genes across complex barriers such as the blood-brain barrier, the intestine, the lung and the skin; stem cell research including controlling growth and differentiation; and creating new biomaterials with shape memory or surface switching properties.

Learn More

Article Title	Development of molecular imaging and nanomedicine in China
* Name
* E-mail
* Note

Development of molecular imaging and nanomedicine in China

Related Articles

Browse by Topic

Access to this WIREs title is by subscription only.

The latest WIREs articles in your inbox

In the Spotlight

Twitter: WIREsNanomed Follow us on Twitter