Novel approaches in designing nanoparticles to overcome challenges faced by traditional nanoparticle‐based drug delivery systems.

Engineered 2D and 3D electrospun nanomaterials are being extensively examined toward their ability to provide a biomimetic niche that integrates the appropriate architecture and material to tissue interface capacities to stimulate better healing and accelerate skin regeneration.

Boron dipyrromethene nanoparticles which can be formed via self‐assembly of small molecules, chemical conjugation, and physical encapsulation are widely used for cellular imaging, near‐infrared fluorescence imaging, computed tomography imaging, photoacoustic imaging, phototherapy, and theranostics.

Nanoparticles reported for surgical guidance.

Landscape of extracellular vesicles in biology and disease.

Direction of visualization of biological processes and pathological alterations at cellular and molecular levels with extracellular matrix targeted magnetic resonance imaging probes.

Overview of the process of the cancer‐immunity cycle and the targets, mediation of cancer immunotherapies by nanobiomaterials.

Schematic illustration of smart acid‐responsive AuNPs proposed for tumor theranostics.

Application potential of fluorescent carbon dot as intracellular imaging probe is described with the focus on relevant surface chemistry and functionalization.

Schematic illustration of various types of contrast agents for photoacoustic imaging. NP: Nanoparticles; TMC: Transition metal chalcogenides.

Nanoparticles are usually employed as carriers of therapeutic agents (e.g. anticancer drugs) and surface functionalized to promote favorable interactions with target cells. When nanoparticles are administered in vivo, they get covered by a protein corona that activates the immune response and influences the targeted delivery of nanomedicine

Schematic illustration of various protein‐based nanoplatforms for diverse tumor imaging and therapy methods. Inside the inner circle indicates several characteristic protein‐based nanoplatforms acquired with permission from Chen et al. (2019), Zhang, Chen, Ma, Wang, and Chen (2018), Zhang, Wang, Ma, Luo, and Chen (2019), and RCSB PDB (rcsb.org) of PDB ID 2FHA. (Upper and lower left: BSA‐based nanoplatforms; upper right: transferrin‐based nanoplatforms; lower right: ferritin‐based nanoplatforms.) CDT, chemodynamic therapy; Chemo‐T, chemotherapy; CT, X‐ray computed tomography; FL, fluorescence; MR, magnetic resonance; PA, photoacoustic; PDT, photodynamic therapy; PET, positron emission computed tomography; PTT, photothermal therapy; RT, radiotherapy. Note: Other imaging and therapy methods like SPECT imaging and immunotherapy are also involved in this review but not present in this scheme.

Viruses are highly ordered supramolecular complexes that have evolved to propagate between related organisms. Although viruses are very diverse, they share common functions and properties. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of virus self‐assembly and viral particle mechanics, summarizing the latest scientific achievements within these areas.