Various strategies have been developed in order to elucidate exosome trafficking and selective targeting in vivo. This will promote better understanding of their biological role and potential to act as natural drug delivery carriers.

Immune actions in the cycle of cancer immunotherapy. Nanomaterials can be engineered to improve cancer immunotherapies by targeting multiple immune activating and suppressive processes along the immunological cascade to improve its effectiveness in patients.

Different types of 2D nanomaterials have been explored for drug delivery, which benefits greatly to various cargo loading due to their superior properties.

Uncommon nanoshapes with protein surfaces can be assembled from plant viral building blocks by way of RNA scaffolds. Equipped with functional molecules, such unparalleled hybrid structures gain one‐of‐a‐kind properties for uses in medicine, nanotechnology and smart materials.

Metal oxide nanoparticles have efficient antimicrobial activity but there are many biological challenges restricting their application in man, as well as hurdles to scaled‐up manufacture for the clinic.

Polymer‐based activatable optical probes that developed via conjugation or encapsulation of activatable optical probe with polymer. The probes display improved water solubility and desirable biodistribution, which enables them to accumulate in tumor for tumor microenvironment activated fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging.

Sex‐differences in local and systemic outcomes following particle inhalation

Schematic depiction of the landscape of gene delivery approaches.

Schematic representation of diverse nanomaterials for immunomodulatory drugs delivery, cancer nanovaccine delivery, and monitoring the immune systems. The data for monitoring the immune systems is derived from Jeong et al. (2019). Copyright 2019, Elsevier.