The conserved family of Pat1 nucleocytoplasmic shuttling RNA‐binding proteins mediate a wide range of RNA processing steps, including AU‐rich mRNA decay, translational repression and alternative splicing, depending on its associated heptameric Lsm complexes, and are found enriched in membrane‐less RNP granules including cytoplasmic P‐bodies and nuclear Cajal bodies.

A summary of the miRNAs (highlighted in light blue) and their target genes (highlighted in purple) controlling rice yield‐related agronomic traits, including grain number, grain weight, tiller number, fertility, and leaf inclination. The miRNAs marked in red color are those controlling just one of the above mentioned five traits, based on the recent publications. The arrow and nail shape indicate positive and negative regulation, respectively.

A detailed comparison between three insect models (Drosophila melanogaster, Bombyx mori, Aedes aegypti) is made in this review with regard to the response of PIWI pathway against viral infections.

The nonsense‐mediated mRNA decay pathway, using the RNA helicase UPF1 as a focal point, collects many types of information about RNA‐protein complexes to select its targets.

Main regulatory modifications reported in mRNAs encoding senescence‐associated proteins, m6A and m5C. Each modification can promote (green) or repress (purple) protein expression from the respective mRNAs.