Understanding rivers and their social relations: A critical step to advance environmental water management

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Elizabeth P. Anderson, Sue Jackson, Rebecca E. Tharme, Michael Douglas, Joseph E. Flotemersch, Margreet Zwarteveen, Chicu Lokgariwar, Mariana Montoya, Alaka Wali, Gail T. Tipa, Timothy D. Jardine, Julian D. Olden, Lin Cheng, John Conallin, Barbara Cosens, Chris Dickens, Dustin Garrick, David Groenfeldt, Jane Kabogo, Dirk J. Roux, Albert Ruhi, Angela H. Arthington

Published Online: Sep 04 2019

DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1381

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Abstract River flows connect people, places, and other forms of life, inspiring and sustaining diverse cultural beliefs, values, and ways of life. The concept of environmental flows provides a framework for improving understanding of relationships between river flows and people, and for supporting those that are mutually beneficial. Nevertheless, most approaches to determining environmental flows remain grounded in the biophysical sciences. The newly revised Brisbane Declaration and Global Action Agenda on Environmental Flows (2018) represents a new phase in environmental flow science and an opportunity to better consider the co‐constitution of river flows, ecosystems, and society, and to more explicitly incorporate these relationships into river management. We synthesize understanding of relationships between people and rivers as conceived under the renewed definition of environmental flows. We present case studies from Honduras, India, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia that illustrate multidisciplinary, collaborative efforts where recognizing and meeting diverse flow needs of human populations was central to establishing environmental flow recommendations. We also review a small body of literature to highlight examples of the diversity and interdependencies of human‐flow relationships—such as the linkages between river flow and human well‐being, spiritual needs, cultural identity, and sense of place—that are typically overlooked when environmental flows are assessed and negotiated. Finally, we call for scientists and water managers to recognize the diversity of ways of knowing, relating to, and utilizing rivers, and to place this recognition at the center of future environmental flow assessments. This article is categorized under: Water and Life > Conservation, Management, and Awareness Human Water > Water Governance Human Water > Water as Imagined and Represented

(a) The lives and livelihoods of people across the Amazon are inextricably linked to seasonal fluctuations in river flows. Rivers are also a key component of the culture of many Amazonian Indigenous groups, such as the Shawi (pictured here). (b) Rivers offer spaces, goods, and functions that mediate social interactions. Here, a gathering of canoes in the Peruvian Amazon. Photo credits: Alvaro del Campo, The Field Museum, USA

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For many human populations around the world, river flows are linked to livelihood, identity, sense of place, religious beliefs and ceremonies, language systems, or educational practices. These embedded, reciprocal, and constitutive relationships between humans and rivers remain poorly understood, but can be critically important to assessment and implementation of environmental flows

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(a) A tribal member completing a cultural assessment of a tributary of the Kakaunui River, New Zealand. (Photo: Kyle Nelson). (b) As part of the Kakaunui Cultural Flow Preference Study, tribal members chose to complement their cultural assessments with data about eel presence, collected through electrofishing (Photo: Myra Tipa)

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Flow needs for religious and spiritual practices were central to an environmental flow assessment for the Ganga River, India. Here, a gathering of pilgrims for the Kumbh festival. Photo credit: Chicu Lokgariwar

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