IPCC. Stocker, TF, Qin, D, Plattner, G‐K, Tignor, M, Allen, SK, Boschung, J, Nauels, A, Xia, Y, Bex, V, Midgley, PM, eds. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2013, 1535 pp.
Manabe, S, Bryan, K. Climate calculation with a combined ocean–atmosphere model. J Atmos Sci 1969, 26:786–789.
Manabe, S, Wetherald, RT. The effect of doubling of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. J Atmos Sci 1975, 32:3–15.
Park, W, Latif, M. Atlantic meridional overturning circulation response to idealized external forcing. Clim Dyn 2012, 39:1709–1726.
Scaife, AA, Ineson, S, Knight, JR, Gray, L, Kodera, K, Smith, DM. A mechanism for lagged North Atlantic climate response to solar variability. Geophys Res Lett 2013, 40:434–439.
Thieblemont, R, Matthes, K, Omrani, N‐E, Kodera, K, Hansen, F. Solar forcing synchronizes decadal North Atlantic climate variability. Nat Commun 2015, 6:8268. doi:10.1038/ncomms9268.
Stenchikov, G, Delworth, TL, Ramaswamy, V, Stouffer, RJ, Wittenberg, A, Zeng, F. Volcanic signals in the oceans. J. Geophys. Res. 2009, 114:D16104. doi:10.1029/2008JD011673.
Ottera, OH, Bentsen, M, Drange, H, Suo, L. External forcing as a metronome for Atlantic multi‐decadal variability. Nat Geosci 2010, 3:688–694.
Zanchettin, D, Timmreck, C, Graf, H‐F, Rubino, A, Lorenz, S, Lohmann, K, Kruger, K, Jungclaus, JH. Bi‐decadal variability excited in the coupled ocean–atmosphere system by strong tropical volcanic eruptions. Clim Dyn 2012, 39:419–444.
Meehl, GA, Goddard, L, Murphy, J, Stouffer, RJ, Boer, G, Danabasoglu, G, Dixon, K, Giorgetta, MA, Greene, AM, Hawkins, E, et al. Decadal prediction: can it be skillful? Bull Am Meteorol Soc 2009, 90:1467–1485.
Hurrell, JW, Delworth, T, Danabasoglu, G, Drange, H, Drinkwater, K, Griffies, S, Holbrook, N, Kirtman, B, Keenlyside, N, Latif, M, Marotzke, J, Murphy, J, Meehl, G, Palmer, T, Pohlmann, H, Rosati, T, Seager, R, Smith, D, and Sutton, R. Decadal climate prediction: opportunities and challenges. In: Harrison, DE, Hall, J, Stammer, D, eds. Proceedings of the “OceanObs’09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society” Conference. ESA Publication WPP‐306, Vol. 2, Venice, Italy, 21–25 September 2009. doi: 10.5270/OceanObs09.cwp.45, 2010.
Meehl, GA, Goddard, L, Boer, G, Burgman, R, Branstator, G, Cassou, C, Corti, S, Danabasoglu, G, Doblas‐Reyes, F, Hawkins, E, et al. Decadal climate prediction: an update from the trenches. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 2014, 95:243–267.
Solomon, A, Goddard, L, Kumar, A, Carton, J, Deser, C, Fukumori, I, Greene, A, Hegerl, G, Kirtman, B, Kushnir, Y, et al. Distinguishing the roles of natural and anthropogenically forced decadal climate variability: implications for prediction. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 2010, 92:141–156.
World Climate Research Program. Coupled Model Intercomparison Project – Phase 5. Special Issue of the CLIVAR Exchanges Newsletter, No. 56, 2011, 15(2).
Taylor, KE, Stouffer, RJ, Meehl, GA. An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 2012, 93:485–498.
Hawkins, E, Sutton, R. The potential to narrow uncertainty in regional climate predictions. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 2009, 90:1095–1106.
Boer, GJ, Lambert, SJ. Multi‐model decadal potential predictability of precipitation and temperature. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008, 35:L05706. doi:10.1029/2008GL033234.
Boer, GJ. Decadal potential predictability of twenty‐first century climate. Clim Dyn 2011, 36:1119–1133.
Ghil, M. Climate variability: Nonlinear aspects. In: Holton, JR, Pyle, J, Curry, JA, eds. Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press; 2003, 432–438.
Palmer, T, Williams, P, eds. Stochastic Physics and Climate Modelling. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2010, 496 pp.
Dijkstra, HA. Nonlinear Climate Dynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2013, 367 pp.
Hasselmann, K. Stochastic climate models. Part I: theory. Tellus A 1976, 28:473–485.
Frankignoul, C, Hasselmann, K. Stochastic climate models. Part II: application to sea‐surface temperature variability and thermocline variability. Tellus 1977, 29:289–305.
Barsugli, JJ, Battisti, DS. The basic effects of atmosphere–ocean thermal coupling on midlatitude variability. J Atmos Sci 1998, 55:477–493.
Vallis, GK. Mechanisms of climate variability from years to decades. In: Palmer, TN, Williams, P, eds. Stochastic Physics and Climate Modelling. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2009, 1–34.
Delworth, TL, Manabe, S, Stouffer, RJ. Interdecadal variations of the thermohaline circulation in a coupled ocean–atmosphere model. J Clim 1993, 6:1993–2011.
Griffies, SM, Tziperman, E. A linear thermohaline oscillator driven by stochastic atmospheric forcing. J Clim 1995, 8:2440–2453.
Delworth, TL, Greatbatch, RJ. Multidecadal thermohaline circulation variability driven by atmospheric surface flux forcing. J Clim 2000, 13:1481–1495.
Eden, C, Greatbatch, R. A damped decadal oscillation in the north atlantic climate system. J Clim 2003, 26:4043–4060.
Kwon, Y, Frankignoul, C. Stochastically‐driven multidecadal variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation in CCSM3. Clim Dyn 2012, 38:859–876.
Mecking, JV, Keenlyside, NS, Greatbatch, RJ. Stochastically‐forced multidecadal variability in the North Atlantic: a model study. Clim Dyn 2014, 43:271–288.
Eden, C, Jung, T. North atlantic interdecadal variability: oceanic response to the North Atlantic Oscillation (1865–1997). J Clim 2001, 14:676–691.
Frankcombe, LM, Dijkstra, HA, Von der Heydt, A. Noise‐induced multidecadal variability in the North Atlantic: excitation of normal modes. J Phys Oceanogr 2009, 39:220–233.
Farneti, R, Vallis, GK. Mechanisms of interdecadal climate variability and the role of ocean–atmosphere coupling. Clim Dyn 2011, 36:289–308.
Greatbatch, RJ, Zhang, S. An interdecadal oscillation in an idealized ocean basin forced by constant heat flux. J Clim 1995, 8:81–91.
Greatbatch, RJ, Peterson, KA. Interdecadal variability and oceanic thermohaline adjustment. J Geophys Res 1996, 101(C9):20467–20482.
Colin de Verdière, A, Huck, T. Baroclinic instability: an oceanic wavemaker for interdecadal variability. J Phys Oceanogr 1999, 29:893–910.
Huck, T, Vallis, GK. Linear stability analysis of the three‐dimensional thermally‐driven ocean circulation: application to interdecadal oscillations. Tellus 2001, 53A:526–545.
Huck, T, Vallis, GK, Colin de Verdière, A. On the robustness of the interdecadal modes of the thermohaline circulation. J Clim 2001, 14:940–963.
Te Raa, LA, Dijkstra, HA. Instability of the thermohaline ocean circulation on interdecadal timescales. J Phys Oceanogr 2002, 32:138–160.
Winton, M. The damping effect of bottom topography on internal decadal‐scale oscillations of the thermohaline circulation. J Phys Oceanogr 1997, 26:203–208.
Huck, T, Arzel, O, Sévellec, F. Multidecadal varibaility of the overturning circulation in presence of eddy turbulence. J Phys Oceanogr 2015, 45:157–173.
Kushnir, Y, Robinson, WA, Bladé, I, Hall, NMJ, Peng, S, Sutton, R. Atmospheric GCM response to extratropical SST anomalies: synthesis and evaluation. J Clim 2002, 15:2233–2256.
Robertson, AW, Mechoso, CR, Kim, Y‐J. The influence of Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies on the North Atlantic Oscillation. J Clim 2000, 13:122–138.
Czaja, A, Frankignoul, C. Observed impact of Atlantic SST anomalies on the North Atlantic Oscillation. J. Clim 2002, 15:606–623.
Czaja, A, Robertson, AW, Huck, T. The role of Atlantic ocean–atmosphere coupling in affecting North Atlantic Oscillation variability. In: Hurrell, JW, Kushnir, Y, Ottersen, G, Visbeck, M, eds. The North Atlantic Oscillation: Climatic Significance and Environmental Impact, vol. 134. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union; 2003, 147–172.
Gastineau, G, Frankignoul, C. Influence of the North Atlantic SST variability on the atmospheric circulation during the twentieth century. J Clim 2015, 28:1396–1416.
Sun, C, Li, J, Jin, F‐F. A delayed oscillator model for the quasi‐periodic multidecadal variability of the NAO. Clim Dyn 2015, 45:2083–2099.
Wen, N, Frankignoul, C, Gastineau, G. Active AMOC‐NAO coupling in the IPSL‐CM5A‐MR climate model. Clim Dyn 2016. doi:10.1007/s00382–015–2953–y.
Bellenger, H, Guilyardi, E, Leloup, J, Lengaigne, M, Vialard, J. ENSO representation in climate models: from CMIP3 to CMIP5. Clim Dyn 2014, 42:1999–2018.
Zebiak, SE. Air‐Sea interaction in the equatorial Atlantic region. J Clim 1993, 6:1567–1586.
Keenlyside, NS, Latif, M. Understanding equatorial Atlantic inetrannual variability. J Clim 2007, 20:131–142.
Latif, M, Barnett, TP. Causes of decadal climate variability over the North Pacific and North America. Science 1994, 266:634–637.
Timmermann, A, Latif, M, Voss, R, Grotzner, A. Northern hemispheric interdecadal variability: a coupled air‐sea mode. J Clim 1998, 11:1906–1931.
White, WB, Peterson, RG. An antarctic circumpolar wave in surface pressure, wind, temperature and sea‐ice extent. Nature 1996, 380:699–702.
Tandon, NF, Kushner, PJ. Does external forcing interfere with the amoc`s influence on North Atlantic sea surface temperature? J Clim 2015, 28:6309–6323.
Zanchettin, D, Rubino, A, Matei, D, Bothe, O, Jungclaus, JH. Multidecadal‐to‐centennial SST variability in the MPI‐ESM simulation ensemble for the last millennium. Clim Dyn 2013, 40:1301–1318.
Song, Y, Yu, Y. Impacts of external forcing on the decadal climate variability in CMIP5 simulations. J Clim 2015, 28:5389–5405.
Trenberth, KE, Fasullo, JT. An apparent hiatus in global warming? Earth Future 2013, 1:19–32.
Fyfe, JC, Gillett, NP, Zwiers, FW. Overestimated global warming over the past 20 years. Nat Clim Change 2013, 3:767–769.
Meehl, GA, Arblaster, JM, Fasullo, JT, Hu, A, Trenberth, KE. Model‐based evidence of deep‐ocean heat uptake during surface‐temperature hiatus periods. Nat Clim Change 2011, 1:360–363.
Meehl, GA, Hu, A, Arblaster, JM, Fasullo, J, Trenberth, KE. Externally forced and internally generated decadal climate variability associated with the interdecadal Pacific oscillation. J Clim 2013, 26:7298–7310.
Meehl, GA, Teng, H, Arblaster, JM. Climate model simulations of the observed early‐2000 hiatus of global warming. Nat Clim Change 2014, 4:898–902.
Kosaka, Y, Xie, S‐P. Recent global warming hiatus tied to equatorial Pacific surface cooling. Nat Geosci 2013, 501:403–407.
Chen, X, Tung, K‐K. Varying planetary sink led to global‐warming slowdown and acceleration. Science 2014, 345:897–903.
Greatbatch, MRJ, Kadow Thoma, C, Gerdes, R. Decadal hindcasts initialized using observed surface wind stress: Evaluation and prediction out to 2024. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2015, 42:6454–6461. doi:10.1002/2015GL064833.
Meehl, GA. Decadal climate variability and the early‐2000s hiatus. US CLIVAR Var 2015, 13:1–6.
Kosaka, Y, Xie, S‐P. Tropical Pacific influence on the recent hiatus in surface global warming. US CLIVAR Var 2015, 13:10–15.
England, MH, McGregor, S, Spence, P, Meehl, GA, Timmermann, A, Cai, W, Sen Gupta, A, McPhaden, MJ, Purich, A, Santoso, A. Recent intensification of wind‐driven circulation in the Pacific and the ongoing warming hiatus. Nat Geosci 2014, 4:222–227.
Delworth, TL, Zeng, F, Rosati, A, Vecchi, GA, Wittenberg, AT. A link between the hiatus in global warming and the North American drought. J Clim 2015, 28:3834–3845.
Kucharski, F, Kang, I‐S, Farneti, R, Feudale, L. Tropical Pacific response to 20th Century Atlantic warming. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2011, 38:L03702. doi:10.1029/2010GL046248.
McGregor, S, Timmermann, A, Stuecker, MF, England, MH, Merrifield, M, Jin, F‐F, Chikamoto, Y. Recent Walker circulation strengthening and Pacific cooling amplified by Atlantic wamring. Nat Clim Change 2014, 4:888–892.
Kucharski, F, Ikram, F, Molteni, F, Farneti, R, Kang, I‐S, No, H‐H, King, MP, Giuliani, G, Mogensen, K. Atlantic forcing of Pacific decadal variability. Clim Dyn 2015, 46:2337–2351.
Li, X, Xie, S‐P, Gille, ST, Yoo, C. Atlantic‐induced pan‐tropical climate change over the past three decades. Nat Clim Change 2016, 6:275–279.
Meehl, GA, Hu, A. Megadroughts in the Indina monsoon region and southwest North America and a mechanism for associated multi‐decadal Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies. J Clim 2006, 19:1605–1623.
Farneti, R, Molteni, F, Kucharski, F. Pacific interdecadal variability driven by tropical‐extratropical interactions. Clim Dyn 2014, 42:3337–3355.
Mantua, NJ, Hare, SR, Zhang, Y, Wallace, JM, Francis, R. A Pacific interdecadal climate oscillation with impacts on salmon production. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 1997, 78:1069–1079.
Zhang, Y, Wallace, JM, Battisti, DS. ENSO‐like interdecadal variability: 1900–1993. J Clim 1997, 10:1004–1020.
Phillips, A, Deser, C, Fasullo, J. Evaluating modes of variability in climate models. Eos Trans AGU 2014, 95:453–455.
Power, S, Casey, T, Folland, C, Colman, A, Mehta, V. Interdecadal modulation of the impact ofENSO on Australia. Clim Dyn 1999, 15:319–324.
Latif, M, Barnett, TP. Decadal climate variability over the north pacific and north america: Dynamics and predictability. J Clim 1996, 9:2407–2423.
Newman, M, Alexander, MA, Ault, TR, Cobb, KM, Deser, C, Di Lorenzo, E, Mantua, NJ, Miller, AJ, Minobe, S, Nakamura, H, et al. The Pacific decadal oscillation, revisited. J Clim 2016, 29:4399–4427.
Liu, Z, Alexander, M. Atmospheric bridge, oceanic tunnel, and global climatic teleconnections. Rev Geophys 2007, 45:RG2005. doi:10.1029/2005RG000172.
Jin, F‐F. Low‐frequency modes of tropical ocean dynamics. J Clim 2001, 14:3874–3881.
Newman, M, Compo, GP, Alexander, MA. ENSO‐forced variability of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. J Clim 2003, 16:3853–3857.
Schneider, N, Cornuelle, BD. The forcing of the Pacific decadal oscillation. J Clim 2005, 18:4355–4373.
Hazeleger, W, Severijns, C, Seager, R, Molteni, F. Tropical Pacific‐driven decadal energy transport variability. J Clim 2005, 18:2037–2051.
Alexander, M. Extratropical Air‐Sea Interactions, Sea Surface Temperature Variability and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Geophysical Monograph Series, vol. 189. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union; 2010, 123–148.
Ding, H, Greatbatch, RJ, Latif, M, Park, W, Gerdes, R. Hindcast of the 1976/77 and 1998/99 climate shifts in the pacific. J Clim 2013, 26:7650–7661.
Zhang, R, Delworth, TL. Impact of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation o North Pacific climate variability. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2007, 34:L23708. doi:10.1029/2007GL031601.
Wu, S, Liu, Z, Zhang, R, Delworth, TL. On the observed relationship between the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and the Atlantic Multi‐decadal Oscillation. J Oceanogr 2011, 67:27–35.
Dai, A. The influence of the inter‐decadal Pacific oscillation on US precipitaion during 1923–2010. Clim Dyn 2013, 41:633–646.
Fuentes‐Franco, R, Giorgi, F, Coppola, E, Kucharski, F. The role of ENSO and PDO in variability of winter precipitation over North America from twenty first century CMIP5 projections. Clim Dyn 2016, 46:3259. doi:10.1007/s00382–015–2767–y.
Zhang, L, Delworth, TL. Analysis of the characteristics and mechanisms of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation in a suite of coupled models from the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory. J Clim 2015, 28:7678–7701.
Joshi, MK, Kucharski, F. Impact of interdecadal Pacific Oscillation on Indian summer monsoon rainfall: an assessment from CMIP5 climate models. Clim Dyn 2016. doi:10.1007/s00382-016-3210-8.
Zhou, G, Latif, M, Greatbatch, RJ, Park, W. Atmospheric response to the north pacific enabled by daily sea surface temperature variability. Geophys Res Lett 2015, 42:7732–7739.
Barnett, TP, Pierce, DW, Latif, M, Dommenget, D, Saravanan, R. Interdecadal interactions between the tropics and midlatitudes in the Pacific basin. Geophys Res Lett 1999, 26:615–618.
Pierce, DW, Barnett, TP, Latif, M. Connections between the Pacific Ocean tropics and midlatitudes on decadal timescales. J Clim 2000, 13:1173–1194.
Power, S, Haylock, M, Colman, R, Wang, X. The predictability of interdecadal changes in ENSO activity and ENSO teleconnections. J Clim 2006, 19:4755–4771.
Yeh, S‐W, Kirtman, B. Internal atmospheric variability and interannual‐to‐decadal ENSO variability in a CGCM. J Clim 2009, 22:2335–2355.
Timmermann, A, Jin, F‐F. A nonlinear mechanism for decadal El Niño amplitude changes. Geophys Res Lett 2002, 29:3‐1–3‐4. doi:10.1029/2001GL013369.
Rodgers, KB, Friederichs, P, Latif, M. Tropical Pacific decadal variability and its relation to decadal modulations of ENSO. J Clim 2004, 17:3761–3774.
Kleeman, R, McCreary, JP, Klinger, BA. A mechanism for generating ENSO decadal variability. Geophys Res Lett 1999, 26:1743–1746.
McPhaden, MJ, Zhang, D. Slowdown of the meridional overturning circulation in the upper Pacific Ocean. Nature 2002, 415:603–608.
Jr. Klinger, BA, McCreary, JP, Kleeman, R. The relationship between oscillating subtropical wind stress and equatorial temperature. J Phys Oceanogr 2002, 32:1507–1521.
Nonaka, M, Xie, S‐P, McCreary, JP. Decadal variations on the subtropical cells and equatorial Pacific SST. Geophys Res Lett 2002, 29:20‐1–20‐4. doi:10.1029/2001GL013717.
McCreary, JP, Lu, P. Interaction between the subtropical and equatorial ocean circulations: the subtropical cell. J Phys Oceanogr 1994, 24:466–497.
Solomon, A, McCready, JP. Interannual and decadal variability in an intermediate coupled model of the pacific region. J Clim 2003, 16:383–405.
Lohmann, K, Latif, M. Tropical Pacific decadal variability and the subtropical‐tropical cells. J Clim 2005, 18:5163–5178.
Zhang, DM, McPhaden, J. Decadal variability of the shallow Pacific meridional overturning circulation: relation to tropical sea surface temperatures in observations and climate change models. Ocean Model 2006, 15:250–273.
McPhaden, MJ, Zhang, D. Pacific ocean circulation rebounds. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2004, 31:L18301. doi:10.1029/2004GL020727.
Hong, L, Zhang, L, Chen, Z, Wu, L. Linkage between the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and the low frequency variability of the Pacific Subtropical Cell. J Geophys Res 2014, 119:3464–3477.
Farneti, R, Dwivedi, S, Kucharski, F, Molteni, F, Griffies, SM. On the subtropical Pacific meridional overturning circulation variability over the second half of the 20th Century. J Clim 2014, 27:7102–7112. doi:10.1175/JCLI–D–13–00707.1.
Trenberth, KE, Hurrell, JW. Decadal atmosphere–ocean variations in the Pacific. Clim Dyn 1994, 9:303–319.
Yang, C, Giese, BS, Wu, L. Ocean dynamics and tropical Pacific climate change in ocean reanalyses and coupled models. J Geophys Res 2014, 119:7066–7077.
Danabasoglu, G, Yeager, SG, Bailey, D, Behrens, E, Bentsen, M, Bi, D, Biastoch, A, Böning, C, Bozec, A, Canuto, VM, et al. North Atlantic simulations in coordinated ocean‐ice reference experiments phase II (CORE‐II). Part I: mean states. Ocean Model 2014, 73:76–107.
Solomon, A, Zhang, D. Pacific subtropical cell variability in coupled climate model simulations of hte late 19th‐20th century. Ocean Model 2007, 15:236–249.
Kucharski, F, Parvin, A, Rodriguez‐Fonseca, B, Farneti, R, Martin‐Rey, M, Polo, I, Mohino, E, Losada, T, Mechoso, CR. The teleconnection of the tropical Atlantic to indo‐pacific sea surface temperatures on inter‐annual to centennial time scales: a review of recent findings. Atmosphere 2016, 7:29.
Richter, I, Xie, S‐P, Behera, SK, Doi, T, Masumoto, Y. Equatorial Atlantic variability and its reltion to mean state biases in CMIP5. Clim Dyn 2014, 42:171–188.
Kucharski, F, Syed, FS, Burhan, A, Farah, I, Gohar, A. Tropical Atlantic influence on Pacific variability and mean state in the twentieth century in observations and CMIP5. Clim Dyn 2015, 44:881–896.
Bjerknes, J. Atlantic air‐sea interaction. Adv Geophys 1964, 10:1–82.
Kushnir, Y. Interdecadal variations in the North Atlantic sea surface temperature and associated atmospheric conditions. J Clim 1994, 7:141–157.
Delworth, TL, Mann, ME. Observed and simulated multidecadal variability in the northern hemisphere. Clim Dyn 2000, 16:661–676.
Kerr, RA. A North Atlantic climate pacemaker for the centuries. Science 2000, 288:1984–1986.
Sutton, RT, Hodson, DLR. Atlantic ocean forcing of North American and European summer climate. Science 2005, 309:115–118.
Zhang, R, Delworth, TL. Impact of Atlantic multidecadal oscillations on India/Sahel rainfall and Atlantic hurricanes. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006, 33:L17712. doi:10.1029/2006GL026267.
Knight, JR, Folland, CK, Scaife, AA. Climate impacts of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006, 33:L17706. doi:10.1029/2006GL026242.
Delworth, TL, Zhang, R, Mann, ME. Decadal to centennial variability of the Atlantic from observations and models. In: Schmittner, A, Chiang, JCH, Hemming, SR, eds. Ocean Circulation: Mechanisms and Impacts ‐ Past and Future Changes of Meridional Overturning. Washington, DC: AGU Geophysical Union; 2007, 131–148. doi:10.1029/173GM10.
Chen, F, Ghil, M. Interdecadal variability in a hybrid coupled ocean–atmosphere model. J Phys Oceanogr 1996, 26:1561–1578.
Huck, T, de Verdière, AC, Weaver, AJ. Interdecadal variability of the thermohaline circulation in box‐ocean models forced by fixed surface fluxes. J Phys Oceanogr 1999, 29:865–892.
Sévellec, F, Huck, T. Theoretical investigation of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. J Phys Oceanogr 2015, 45:2189–2208.
Frankcombe, LM, Dijkstra, HA, Von der Heydt, A. Sub‐surface signatures of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008, 35:L19602. doi:10.1029/2008GL034989.
Frankcombe, LM, Von der Heydt, A, Dijkstra, HA. North Atlantic multidecadal variability: an investigation of dominant time scales and processes. J Clim 2010, 23:3626–3638.
Zhang, L, Wang, C. Multidecadal North Atlantic sea surface temperature and Atlantic meridional overturning circulation variability in CMIP5 historical simulations. J Geophys Res 2013, 118:5772–5791.
Vellinga, M, Wu, P. Low‐latitude freshwater influence on centennial variability of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation. J Clim 2004, 17:4498–4511.
Jungclaus, JH, Haak, H, Latif, M, Mikolajewicz, U. Arctic‐North Atlantic interactions and multidecadal variability of the meridional overturning circulation. J. Clim 2005, 18:4013–4031.
Clement, A, Bellomo, K, Murphy, LN, Cane, MC, Mauritsen, T, Radel, G, Stevens, B. The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation witout a role for ocean circulation. Science 2015, 350:320–324.
Booth, BBB, Dunstone, NJ, Halloran, PR, Andrews Bellouin, TN. Aerosols implicated as a prime driver of twentieth‐century North Atlantic climate variability. Nature 2012, 484:228–232.
Zhang, R, Delworth, TL, Sutton, R, Hodsonand, DLR, Dixon, KW, Held, IM, Kushnir, Y, Marshall, J, Ming, Y, Msadek, R, et al. Have aerosols caused the observed Atlantic Multidecadal Variability? J Atmos Sci 2013, 70:1135–1144.
O`Reilly, CH, Huber, M, Woolings, T, Zanna, L. The signature of low frequency oceanic forcing in the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2016, 43:2810–2818. doi:10.1022/2016GL067925.
Zhang, R, Sutton, R, Danabasoglu, G, Delworth, TL, Kim, WM, Robson, J, Yeager, SG. Comment on “The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation without a role for ocean circulation”. Science 2016, 352:1527. doi:10.1126/science.aaf1660.
Gulev, SK, Latif, M, Keenlyside, N, Park, W, Koltermann, KP. North Atlantic Ocean control on surface heat flux on multidecadal timescales. Nature 2013, 499:464–467.
Zhang, R. Anticorrelated multidecadal variations between surface and subsurface tropical North Atlantic. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2007, 34:L12713. doi:10.1029/2007GL30225.
Zhang, R. Coherent surface‐subsurface firngerprint of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008, 35:L20705. doi:10.1029/2008GL035463.
Robson, J, Sutton, R, Lohmann, K, Smith, D, Palmer, MD. Causes of the rapid warming of the North Atlantic ocean in the mid‐1990s. J Clim 2012, 25:4116–4134.
Yeager, S, Danabasoglu, G. The origins of late twentieth century variations in the large‐scale North Atlantic circulation. J Clim 2014, 27:3222–3247.
Robson, J, Sutton, R, Smith, D. Decadal predictions of the cooling and freshening of the North Atlantic in the 1960s and the role of ocean circulation. Clim Dyn 2014, 42:2353–2365.
Medhaug, I, Furevik, T. North Atlantic 20th century multidecadal variability in coupled climate models: sea surface temperature and ocean overturning circulation. Ocean Sci 2011, 7:389–404.
Ruiz‐Barradas, A, Nigam, S, Kavvada, A. The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation in twentieth century climate simulations: uneven progress from CMIP3 to CMIP5. Clim Dyn 2013, 41:3301–3315.
Ba, J, Keenlyside, NS, Latif, M, Park, W, Ding, H, Lohmann, K, Mignot, J, Menary, M, Ottera, OH, Wouters, B, et al. A multi‐model comparison of Atlantic multidecadal variability. Clim Dyn 2014, 43:2333–2348.
Kavvada, A, Ruiz‐Barradas, A, Nigam, S. AMO`s structure and climate footprint in observations and IPCC AR5 climate simulations. Clim Dyn 2013, 41:1345–1364.
Zhang, J, Zhang, R. On the evolution of Atlantic Meridional Overturning circulation fingerprint and implications for decadal predictability in the North Atlantic. Geophys Res Lett 2015, 42:5419–5426.
Brown, PT, Lozier, MS, Zhang, R, Li, W. The necessity of cloud feedback for a basin‐scale Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2016, 43:3955–3963. doi:10.1002/2016GL068303.
Shaffrey, L, Sutton, R. Bjerknes compensation and the decadal variability of the energy transports in a coupled climate model. J Clim 2006, 19:1167–1181.
van der Swaluw, E, Drijfhout, SS, Hazeleger, W. Bjerknes compensation at high northern latitudes: the ocean forcing the atmosphere. J Clim 2007, 20:6023–6032.
Jungclaus, JH, Koenigk, T. Low‐frequency variability of the arctic climate: the role of oceanic and atmospheric heat transport variations. Clim Dyn 2009, 34:265–279.
Farneti, R, Vallis, GK. Meridional energy transport in the coupled atmosphere–ocean system: variability and compensation. J Clim 2013, 26:7151–7166.
Yang, H, Zhao, Y, Liu, Z. Understanding Bjerknes compensation in atmosphere and oceab heat transports using a coupled box model. J Clim 2015, 29:2145–2160.
Zhang, R. Mechanisms for low‐frequency variability of summer Arctic sea ice extent. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2015, 112:4570–4575. doi:10.1073/pnas.1422296112.
Gastineau, G, Frankignoul, C. Cold‐season atmospheric response to the natural variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Clim Dyn 2012, 39:37–57.
Msadek, R, Frankignoul, C. Atlantic multidecadal oceanic variability and its influence on the atmosphere in a climate model. Clim Dyn 2009, 33:45–62.
Frankignoul, C, Gastineau, G, Know, YO. The influence of the AMOC variability on the atmosphere in CCSM3. J Clim 2013, 26:9774–9790.
Omrani, N‐E, Bader, J, Keenlyside, NS, Manzini, E. Troposphere‐stratosphere response to large‐scale North Atlantic ocean variability in an atmsophere/ocean coupled model. Clim Dyn 2016, 46:1397–1415.
Srokosz, MA, Bryden, H. Observing the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation yields a decade of inevitable surprises. Science 2015, 348:1255575.
Thomas, MD, Zhai, X. Eddy‐induced variability of the meridional overturning circulation in a model of the North Atlantic. Geophys Res Lett 2013, 40:2742–2747. doi:10.1002/grl.50532.
Rahmstorf, S, Box, JE, Feulner, G, Mann, ME, Robinson, A, Rutherford, S, Schaffernicht, EJ. Exceptional twentieth‐century slowdown in Atlantic Ocean overturning circulation. Nat Clim Change 2015, 5:475–480.
Winton, M, Anderson, WG, Delworth, TL, Griffies, SM, Hurlin, WJ, Rosati, A. Has coarse ocean resolution biased simulations of transient climate sensitivity? Geophys Res Lett 2014, 41:8522–8529.
Delworth, TL, Rosati, A, Anderson, W, Adcroft, AJ, Balaji, V, BensonThomas, R, Delworth, L, Rosati, A, Anderson, W, Adcroft, AJ, et al. Simulated climate and climate change in the GFDL CM2.5 high‐resolution coupled climate model. J Clim 2012, 25:2755–2781.
Zhang, R, Delworth, TL, Rosati, A, Anderson, WG, Dixon, KW, Lee, H‐C, Zeng, F. Sensitivity of the North Atlantic ocean circulation to an abrupt change in the Nordic Sea overflow in a high resolution global coupled climate model. J. Geophys. Res. 2011, 116:C12024. doi:10.1029/2011JC007240.
Gent, PR, McWilliams, JC. Isopycnal mixing in ocean circulation models. J Phys Oceanogr 1990, 20:150–155.
Ferrari, R, Griffies, SM, Nurser, AJG, Vallis, GK. A boundary‐value problem for the parameterized mesoscale eddy transport. Ocean Model 2010, 32:143–156.
Danabasoglu, G. On multidecadal variability of the Atlantic Meridional overturning circulation in the community climate system model version 3. J Clim 2008, 21:5524–5544.
Wittenberg, AT. Are historical records sufficient to contrain ENSO simulations? Geophys. Res. Lett. 2009, 36:L12702. doi:10.1029/2009GL038710.
Delworth, TL, Zeng, F. Multicentennial variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and its climatic influence in a 4000 year simulation of the GFDL CM2.1 climate model. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2012, 39:L13702. doi:10.1029/2012GL052107.
Han, W, Vialard, J, McPhaden, MJ, Lee, T, Masumoto, Y, Feng, M, Ruijter, WPM. Indian ocean decadal variability: a review. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 2014, 95:1679–1703.
Latif, M, Martin, T, Park, W. Southern Ocean sector centennial climate variability and recent decadal trends. J Clim 2013, 26:7767–7782.
Griffies, SM, Danabasoglu, G, Durack, PJ, Adcroft, AJ, Balaji, V, Böning, CW, Chassignet, EP, Curchitser, E, Deshayes, J, Drange, H, et al. Experimental and diagnostic protocol for the physical component of the CMIP6 Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP). Geosci Model Dev Discuss 2016. doi:10.5194/gmd–2016–77.
Held, IM. The gap between simulation and understanding in climate modeling. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 2005, 86:1609–1614.
Nof, D. Simple versus complex climate modeling. Eos Trans AGU 2008, 89:544–545.
Colin de Verdière, A. Keeping the freedom to build idealized climate models. Eos Trans AGU 2009, 90:224.
Held, I. Simplicity amid complexity. Science 2014, 343:1206–1207.