Volcanoes and climate

Advanced Review

Jihong Cole‐Dai

Published Online: Sep 13 2010

DOI: 10.1002/wcc.76

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Abstract Of the natural forcings causing short‐term climatic variations, volcanism, along with its climatic impact, is perhaps the best understood. The primary net result of the impact is the reduced receipt of solar energy at Earth's surface due to the scattering of incoming solar radiation by secondary sulfate aerosols formed from volcanic sulfur. The quantitative effects can be measured in energy‐balance‐based climate models, which require validation using high‐quality paleoclimatic and paleovolcanic data. An important advancement in the effort to understand the role of volcanism in climate change in the recent decade is the significant improvement in paleovolcanic records from polar ice cores, represented by long records with unprecedented temporal accuracy and precision, and by the potential to identify climate‐impacting stratospheric eruptions in the records. Other improvements include (1) the investigation of long‐term relationship between eruptions (including super‐eruptions) and climate variations, beyond an eruption's radiative impact of up to a few years; (2) a better understanding of the response to volcanic perturbation of feedback mechanisms in the climate system; and (3) the limited role of volcanic eruptions in the era of human‐induced greenhouse warming. Urgent research/investigation is needed to evaluate the geoengineering proposition to counteract greenhouse warming by injecting sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere, which is based on the significant cooling effects of stratospheric volcanic eruptions, and its serious unintended consequences. WIREs Clim Change 2010 1 824–839 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.76 This article is categorized under: Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Climate Forcing Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Modern Climate Change Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Paleoclimate

Weighted annual average concentration of volcanic sulfate for the period of 176–2005 AD in a South Pole, Antarctica ice core (Cole‐Dai, manuscript in preparation).

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Global annual mean surface temperature departure, from the 1951 to 1980 average, from 1880 to 2009. Data source: NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp). Up arrows mark the timing of the five large volcanic eruptions in the twentieth century.

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