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TeraChem: A graphical processing unit‐accelerated electronic structure package for large‐scale ab initio molecular dynamics

Software Focus

Todd J. Martínez, Lee‐Ping Wang, Ivan S. Ufimtsev, Alexey V. Titov, Chenchen Song, James W. Snyder, Nathan Luehr, Fang Liu, Xin Li, Sara I. L. Kokkila‐Schumacher, Christine M. Isborn, Edward G. Hohenstein, Bryan S. Fales, Christoph Bannwarth, Stefan Seritan

Published Online: Jul 26 2020

DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1494

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Abstract TeraChem was born in 2008 with the goal of providing fast on‐the‐fly electronic structure calculations to facilitate ab initio molecular dynamics studies of large biochemical systems such as photoswitchable proteins and multichromophoric antenna complexes. Originally developed for videogaming applications, graphics processing units (GPUs) offered a low‐cost parallel computer architecture that became more accessible for general‐purpose GPU computing with the release of CUDA in 2007. The evaluation of the electron repulsion integrals (ERIs) is a major bottleneck in electronic structure codes and provides an attractive target for acceleration on GPUs. Thus, highly efficient routines for evaluation of and contractions between the ERIs and density matrices were implemented in TeraChem. Electronic structure methods were developed and implemented to leverage these integral contraction routines, resulting in the first quantum chemistry package designed from the ground up for GPUs. This GPU acceleration makes TeraChem capable of performing large‐scale ground and excited state calculations in the gas and condensed phase. Today, TeraChem's speed forms the basis for a suite of quantum chemistry applications, including optimization and dynamics of proteins, automated and interactive chemical discovery tools, and large‐scale nonadiabatic dynamics simulations. This article is categorized under: Electronic Structure Theory > Ab Initio Electronic Structure Methods Software > Quantum Chemistry Structure and Mechanism > Computational Biochemistry and Biophysics

The ab initio exciton model with locally excited (LE) and charge transfer (CT) states applied to the 18 BChl‐a chromophore B850 assembly of the light harvesting system II (LH2). In recent work, Li et al.¹¹⁰ benchmarked against TDDFT and EOM‐CC2 calculations of the supersystem to show the robustness and accuracy of the exciton model

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Timings (in seconds) for hybrid QM/MM calculations of myoglobin (PDB ID: 3RGK) at the HF‐CAS‐(16,16)‐CI/6‐31G level of theory using a single V100 GPU and a 3.4 GHz Intel Xeon E5‐2643v4 CPU. The various QM regions were carved out by including entire residues within a given distance of the heme cofactor. Note that the CASCI portion of the calculation dominates for small QM sizes but remains fairly constant and is heavily outweighed by the SCF procedure for the entire protein

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Computational wall times of THC‐MP2 calculations, where bar colors represent different components, that is, constructing the LS‐THC‐MO tensors, MP2 Coulomb‐like energies, and MP2 exchange‐like energies. Calculations use cc‐pVDZ basis set, cc‐pVDZ‐RI auxiliary basis set for density fitting, and THC grids optimized for cc‐pVDZ. Timings were run using a single GTX 980 or 1080Ti GPU and a single thread of a 3.33 GHz Intel Xeon X5680 CPU

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Comparison of the double and dynamic precision schemes⁷ between Pascal‐generation GeForce and Tesla GPUs. The same Hartree–Fock implementation is used on all GPUs and speedups are reported compared to double precision on the GeForce GTX 1080Ti for each molecule. Each calculation used a single GPU and single core of an Intel Xeon CPU as described in Figure 1

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Performance of single point energy and gradient calculations for TrpCage (PDB ID: 2JOF, left), a BuckycatcherII complex (center), and bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (PDB ID: 6PTI, right) over several generations of GeForce and Tesla GPUs. The same Hartree–Fock implementation is used on all GPUs and speedups are reported compared to the GeForce GTX 680 for each molecule. Each calculation used a single GPU and single core of an Intel Xeon CPU, either a 2.8 GHz E5‐2680 (K80), a 2.5 GHz E5‐2640 CPU (680/970), a 2.6 GHz E5‐2660v3 (P100), or a 3.4 GHz E5‐2643v4 (1080Ti/V100)

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TeraChem's capability to simulate ab initio molecular dynamics for proteins as GPU hardware and algorithms improve, from ground state dynamics and optimization in 2011^135,136 to multireference nonadiabatic dynamics in 2019¹⁴¹

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Schematic overview of the ab initio nanoreactor framework. Reaction networks are iteratively built up through three phases: reaction discovery through accelerated molecular dynamics, rate determination through minimum energy pathway optimization, and running kinetic models to generate new concentration profiles for discovery runs and pinpoint rate‐limiting intermediates for further refinement

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Mechanochemical ring opening of benzocyclobutene using real‐time interactive molecular dynamics with GFN2‐xTB. Dynamic bond orders and molecular orbitals show (a) the sigma bond in the reactant, (b) the bond rearrangement at the transition state, and (c) the new π orbital in the product

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