Basten,, U., Biele,, G., Heekeren,, H. R., & Fiebach,, C. J. (2010). How the brain integrates costs and benefits during decision making. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(50), 21767–21772.
Beierholm,, U., Guitart‐Masip,, M., Economides,, M., Chowdhury,, R., Düzel,, E., Dolan,, R., & Dayan,, P. (2013). Dopamine modulates reward‐related vigor. Neuropsychopharmacology, 38(8), 1495–1503.
Bolenz,, F., & Eppinger,, B. (2020, July 29). Valence bias in metacontrol of decision making in adolescents and young adults. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/5u9jq
Bolenz,, F., Kool,, W., Reiter,, A. M., & Eppinger,, B. (2019). Metacontrol of decision‐making strategies in human aging. eLife, 8, e49154.
Botvinick,, M. M., & Braver,, T. (2015). Motivation and cognitive control: From behavior to neural mechanism. Annual Review of Psychology, 66(1), 83–113.
Botvinick,, M. M. (2007). Conflict monitoring and decision making: Reconciling two perspectives on anterior cingulate function. Cognitive, Affective, %26 Behavioral Neuroscience, 7(4), 356–366.
Brandtstädter,, J., & Rothermund,, K. (2002). The life‐course dynamics of goal pursuit and goal adjustment: A two‐process framework. Developmental Review, 22(1), 117–150.
Bruckner,, R., Nassar,, M. R., Li,, S. C., & Eppinger,, B. (2020). Default beliefs guide learning under uncertainty in children and older adults. https://psyarxiv.com/nh9bq/
Cattell,, R. B. (1987). Intelligence: Its structure, growth and action. Elsevier.
Chevalier,, N. (2018). Willing to think hard? The subjective value of cognitive effort in children. Child Development, 89(4), 1283–1295.
Daw,, N. D., Gershman,, S. J., Seymour,, B., Dayan,, P., & Dolan,, R. J. (2011). Model‐based influences on humans` choices and striatal prediction errors. Neuron, 69(6), 1204–1215.
Decker,, J. H., Otto,, A. R., Daw,, N. D., & Hartley,, C. A. (2016). From creatures of habit to goal‐directed learners: Tracking the developmental emergence of model‐based reinforcement learning. Psychological Science, 27(6), 848–858.
Devine,, S., Neumann,, C., Otto,, R., Bolenz,, F., Reiter,, A. M. & Eppinger,, B. (2020) Seizing the opportunity: Lifespan age differences in the effects of the opportunity cost of time on cognitive control. Manuscript submitted for publication. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/9m6au
Dixon,, M. L., & Christoff,, K. (2012). The decision to engage cognitive control is driven by expected reward‐value: Neural and behavioral evidence. PLoS One, 7(12), e51637.
Eppinger,, B., Kray,, J., Mecklinger,, A., & John,, O. (2007). Age differences in task switching and response monitoring: Evidence from ERPs. Biological Psychology, 75(1), 52–67.
Eriksen,, B. A., & Eriksen,, C. W. (1974). Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task. Perception %26 Psychophysics, 16(1), 143–149.
Gershman,, S. J. (2020). Origin of perseveration in the trade‐off between reward and complexity. Cognition, 204, 104394.
Griffiths,, T. L., Lieder,, F., & Goodman,, N. D. (2015). Rational use of cognitive resources: Levels of analysis between the computational and the algorithmic. Topics in Cognitive Science, 7(2), 217–229.
Hadley,, L. V., Acluche,, F., & Chevalier,, N. (2020). Encouraging performance monitoring promotes proactive control in children. Developmental Science, 23(1), e12861.
Heckhausen,, J., Wrosch,, C., & Schulz,, R. (2010). A motivational theory of life‐span development. Psychological Review, 117(1), 32–60.
Hess,, T. M., Smith,, B. T., & Sharifian,, N. (2016). Aging and effort expenditure: The impact of subjective perceptions of task demands. Psychology and Aging, 31(7), 653–660.
Hsieh,, S., Li,, T. H., & Tsai,, L. L. (2010). Impact of monetary incentives on cognitive performance and error monitoring following sleep deprivation. Sleep, 33(4), 499–507.
Insel,, C., Kastman,, E. K., Glenn,, C. R., & Somerville,, L. H. (2017). Development of corticostriatal connectivity constrains goal‐directed behavior during adolescence. Nature Communications, 8(1), 1–10.
Jones,, J. S., Milton,, F., Mostazir,, M., & Adlam,, A. R. (2020). The academic outcomes of working memory and metacognitive strategy training in children: A double‐blind randomized controlled trial. Developmental Science, 23, e12870.
Kail,, R., & Salthouse,, T. A. (1994). Processing speed as a mental capacity. Acta Psychologica, 86(2–3), 199–225.
Kool,, W., & Botvinick,, M. M. (2014). A labor/leisure tradeoff in cognitive control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(1), 131–141.
Kool,, W., Cushman,, F. A., & Gershman,, S. J. (2018). Competition and cooperation between multiple reinforcement learning systems. In R. Morris,, A. Bornstein,, & A. Shenav, (Eds.), Goal‐directed decision making (pp. 153–178). Academic Press.
Kool,, W., Gershman,, S. J., & Cushman,, F. A. (2017). Cost‐benefit arbitration between multiple reinforcement‐learning systems. Psychological Science, 28(9), 1321–1333.
Kool,, W., McGuire,, J. T., Rosen,, Z. B., & Botvinick,, M. M. (2010). Decision making and the avoidance of cognitive demand. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 139(4), 665–682.
Kool,, W., Shenhav,, A., & Botvinick,, M. M. (2017). Cognitive control as cost‐benefit decision making. In T. Egner, (Ed.), The Wiley handbook of cognitive control (pp. 167–189). Wiley Blackwell.
Kray,, J., Eber,, J., & Lindenberger,, U. (2004). Age differences in executive functioning across the lifespan: The role of verbalization in task preparation. Acta Psychologica, 115(2–3), 143–165.
Kurzban,, R., Duckworth,, A., Kable,, J. W., & Myers,, J. (2013). An opportunity cost model of subjective effort and task performance. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 36(6), 661–679.
Leotti,, L. A., & Wager,, T. D. (2010). Motivational influences on response inhibition measures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 36(2), 430–447.
Li,, S. C., Hämmerer,, D., Müller,, V., Hommel,, B., & Lindenberger,, U. (2009). Lifespan development of stimulus‐response conflict cost: Similarities and differences between maturation and senescence. Psychological Research PRPF, 73(6), 777–785.
Li,, S. C., Papenberg,, G., Nagel,, I. E., Preuschhof,, C., Schröder,, J., Nietfeld,, W., Bertram,, L., Heekeren,, H. R., Lindenberger,, U., & Bäckman,, L. (2013). Aging magnifies the effects of dopamine transporter and D2 receptor genes on backward serial memory. Neurobiology of Aging, 34(1), 358‐e1–358‐e10.
Libby,, R., & Lipe,, M. G. (1992). Incentives, effort, and the cognitive processes involved in accounting‐related judgments. Journal of Accounting Research, 30(2), 249–273.
Lieder,, F., & Griffiths,, T. L. (2017). Strategy selection as rational metareasoning. Psychological Review, 124(6), 762–794.
Lieder,, F., & Griffiths,, T. L. (2020). Resource‐rational analysis: Understanding human cognition as the optimal use of limited computational resources. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 43, E1.
Mayr,, U., Spieler,, D. H., & Kliegl,, R. (2001). Ageing and executive control: Introduction to this special issue. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 13(1/2), 1–4.
McDowd,, J. M., & Shaw,, R. J. (2000). Attention and aging: A functional perspective. In F. I. M. Craik, & T. A. Salthouse, (Eds.), The handbook of aging and cognition (pp. 221–292). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
McGuire,, J. T., & Botvinick,, M. M. (2010). Prefrontal cortex, cognitive control, and the registration of decision costs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(17), 7922–7926.
Menon,, V., Boyett‐Anderson,, J. M., & Reiss,, A. L. (2005). Maturation of medial temporal lobe response and connectivity during memory encoding. Cognitive Brain Research, 25(1), 379–385.
Nassar,, M. R., Bruckner,, R., Gold,, J. I., Li,, S. C., Heekeren,, H. R., & Eppinger,, B. (2016). Age differences in learning emerge from an insufficient representation of uncertainty in older adults. Nature Communications, 7(1), 1–13.
Niebaum,, J. C., Chevalier,, N., Guild,, R. M., & Munakata,, Y. (2019). Adaptive control and the avoidance of cognitive control demands across development. Neuropsychologia, 123, 152–158.
Niv,, Y., Daw,, N. D., Joel,, D., & Dayan,, P. (2007). Tonic dopamine: Opportunity costs and the control of response vigor. Psychopharmacology, 191(3), 507–520.
Ofen,, N., Chai,, X. J., Schuil,, K. D., Whitfield‐Gabrieli,, S., & Gabrieli,, J. D. (2012). The development of brain systems associated with successful memory retrieval of scenes. Journal of Neuroscience, 32(29), 10012–10020.
O`Leary,, A. P., & Sloutsky,, V. M. (2017). Carving metacognition at its joints: Protracted development of component processes. Child Development, 88(3), 1015–1032.
Otto,, A. R., & Daw,, N. D. (2019). The opportunity cost of time modulates cognitive effort. Neuropsychologia, 123, 92–105.
Padmala,, S., & Pessoa,, L. (2011). Reward reduces conflict by enhancing attentional control and biasing visual cortical processing. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(11), 3419–3432.
Patzelt,, E., Kool,, E., & Gershman,, S. J. (2019, February 17). Boosting model‐based control in older adults. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/2xbwu
Pozuelos,, J. P., Combita,, L. M., Abundis,, A., Paz‐Alonso,, P. M., Conejero,, Á., Guerra,, S., & Rueda,, M. R. (2019). Metacognitive scaffolding boosts cognitive and neural benefits following executive attention training in children. Developmental Science, 22(2), e12756.
Ruel,, A., Bolenz,, F., Li, S‐C. & Eppinger,, B. (2021). Age differences in model‐based decision‐making under varying demands on the representation of state spaces. Manuscript in preparation.
Salthouse,, T. A. (1990). Working memory as a processing resource in cognitive aging. Developmental Review, 10(1), 101–124.
Shenhav,, A., Botvinick,, M. M., & Cohen,, J. D. (2013). The expected value of control: An integrative theory of anterior cingulate cortex function. Neuron, 79(2), 217–240.
Shenhav,, A., Musslick,, S., Lieder,, F., Kool,, W., Griffiths,, T. L., Cohen,, J. D., & Botvinick,, M. M. (2017). Toward a rational and mechanistic account of mental effort. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 40, 99–124.
Shohamy,, D., & Turk‐Browne,, N. B. (2013). Mechanisms for widespread hippocampal involvement in cognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 142(4), 1159–1170.
Simon,, H. A. (1955). A behavioral model of rational choice. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 69(1), 99–118.
Simon,, H. A. (1956). Rational choice and the structure of the environment. Psychological Review, 63(2), 129–138.
Smid,, C. R., Kool,, W., Hauser,, T. U., & Steinbeis,, N. (2020, January 24). Model‐based decision‐making and its metacontrol in childhood. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ervsb
Starns,, J. J., & Ratcliff,, R. (2010). The effects of aging on the speed–accuracy compromise: Boundary optimality in the diffusion model. Psychology and Aging, 25(2), 377–390.
Strang,, N. M., & Pollak,, S. D. (2014). Developmental continuity in reward‐related enhancement of cognitive control. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 10, 34–43.
Westbrook,, A., Kester,, D., & Braver,, T. S. (2013). What is the subjective cost of cognitive effort? Load, trait, and aging effects revealed by economic preference. PLoS One, 8(7), e68210.
Willis,, S. L., & Marsiske,, M. (1991). Life span perspective on practical intelligence. In D. E. Tupper, & K. D. Cicerone, (Eds.), The neuropsychology of everyday life: Issues in development and rehabilitation (pp. 183–197). Springer.
Yee,, D. M., Adams,, S., Beck,, A., & Braver,, T. S. (2019). Age‐related differences in motivational integration and cognitive control. Cognitive, Affective, %26 Behavioral Neuroscience, 19(3), 692–714.
Zeithamova,, D., Schlichting,, M. L., & Preston,, A. R. (2012). The hippocampus and inferential reasoning: Building memories to navigate future decisions. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6(70), 1–14.