USEIA, US. Energy Information Administration, Independent Statistics and Analysis. International Energy Outlook 2011. Available at: www.eia.gov/ieo. (Accessed July 30, 2013).
Huber, GW, Iborra, S, Corma, A. Synthesis of transportation fuels from biomass: chemistry, catalysts, and engineering. Chem Rev 2006, 106:4044–4098.
Gronowska, M, Joshi, S, MacLean, HL. A review of U.S. and Canadian biomass supply studies. Bioresources 2009, 4:341–369.
Rioche, C, Kulkarni, S, Meunier, FC, Breen, JP, Burch, R. Steam reforming of model compounds and fast pyrolysis bio‐oil on supported noble metal catalysts. Appl Catal B 2005, 61:130–139.
Mohanty, P, Nanda, S, Pant, KK, Naik, S, Kozinski, JA, Dalai, AK. Evaluation of the physiochemical development of biochars obtained from pyrolysis of wheat straw, timothy grass and pinewood: effects of heating rate. J Anal Appl Pyrol 2013, 104:485–493.
Demirbas, A. Biorefineries: current activities and future developments. Energy Convers Manage 2009, 50:2782–2801.
Demirbas, A. The influence of temperature on the yields of compounds existing in bio‐oils obtained from biomass samples via pyrolysis. Fuel Process Technol 2007, 88:591–597.
Balat, M. Production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic materials via the biochemical pathway: a review. Energ Convers Manage 2011, 52:858–875.
Sukumaran, RK, Surender, VJ, Sindhu, R, Binod, P, Janu, KU, Sajna, JV, Rajasree, KP, Pandey, A. Lignocellulosic ethanol in India: prospects, challenges and feedstock availability. Bioresour Technol 2010, 101:4826–4833.
Nanda, S, Mohanty, P, Pant, KK, Naik, S, Kozinski, JA, Dalai, AK. Characterization of North American lignocellulosic biomass and biochars in terms of their candidacy for alternate renewable fuels. Bioenergy Res 2013, 6:663–677.
Goyal, HB, Seal, D, Saxena, RC. Bio‐fuels from thermochemical conversion of renewable resources: a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 2008, 12:504–517.
Zaldivar, J, Martinez, A, Ingram, LO. Effect of selected aldehydes on the growth and fermentation of ethanologenic Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Bioeng 1999, 65:24–33.
Ayyachamy, M, Cliffe, FE, Coyne, JM, Collier, J, Tuohy, MG. Lignin: untapped biopolymers in biomass conversion technologies. Biomass Conv Bioref 2013, 3:255–269.
Joshi, J, Lawal, A. Hydrodeoxygenation of pyrolysis oil in a microreactor. Chem Eng Sci 2012, 74:1–8.
Dave, CD, Pant, KK. Renewable hydrogen generation by steam reforming of glycerol over zirconia promoted ceria supported catalyst. Renew Energy 2011, 36:3195–3202.
Hajjaji, N, Pons, M. Hydrogen production via steam and autothermal reforming of beef tallow: a thermodynamic investigation. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2013, 38:2199–2211.
Laosiripojana, N, Assabumrungrat, S, Charojrochkul, S. Steam reforming of ethanol with co‐fed oxygen and hydrogen over Ni on high surface area ceria support. Appl Catal A 2007, 327:180–188.
Dickinson, RE, Errico, RM, Giorgi, F, Bates, GT. A regional climate model for western United States. Clim Change 1989, 15:383–422.
Pompeo, F, Santori, G, Nichio, NN. Hydrogen and/or syngas from steam reforming of glycerol Study of platinum catalysts. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2010, 35:8912–8920.
Vaidya, PD, Rodrigues, AE. Glycerol reforming for hydrogen production: a review. Chem Eng Technol 2009, 32:1463–1469.
Mohan, D, Pittman, CU Jr, Steele, PH. Pyrolysis of wood/biomass for bio‐oil: a critical review. Energy Fuel 2006, 20:848–889.
Bridgwater, AV, Peacocke, GVC. Fast pyrolysis processes for biomass. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2000, 4:1–73.
Garcia, L, Salvador, ML, Bilbao, R, Arauzo, J. Influence of calcination and reduction conditions on the catalyst performance in the pyrolysis process of biomass. Energy Fuel 1998, 12:139–143.
Uddin, MN, Daud, WMAW, Abbas, H. Potential hydrogen and non‐condensable gases production from biomass pyrolysis: insights into the process variables. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2013, 27:204–224.
Wang, C, Dou, B, Chen, H, Song, Y, Xu, Y, Du, X, Zhang, L, Luo, T, Tan, C. Renewable hydrogen production from steam reforming of glycerol by Ni‐Cu‐Al, Ni‐Cu‐Mg, Ni‐Mg catalysts. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2013, 38:3562–3571.
Guo, Y, Wang, SZ, Xu, DH, Gong, YM, Ma, HH, Tang, XY. Review of catalytic supercritical water gasification for hydrogen production from biomass. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2010, 14:334–343.
Iulianelli, A, Ribeirinha, P, Mendes, A, Basile, A. Methanol steam reforming for hydrogen generation via conventional and membrane reactors: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2014, 29:355–336.
Ramage, J, Scurlock, J. Biomass. In: Boyle, G, ed. Renewable Energy‐Power for a Sustainable Future. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1996.
Demirbas, A. Gaseous products from biomass by pyrolysis and gasification: effects of catalyst on hydrogen yield. Energy Convers Manage 2002, 43:897–909.
Zhao, B, Zhang, X, Sun, L, Meng, G, Chen, L, Xiaolu, Y. Hydrogen production from biomass combining pyrolysis and the secondary decomposition. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2010, 35:2606–2611.
Florin, NH, Harris, AT. Mechanistic study of enhanced H2 synthesis in biomass gasifiers with in‐situ CO2 capture using CaO. Environ Energy Eng 2008, 54:1096–1109.
Shimura, K, Yoshida, H. Heterogeneous photocatalytic hydrogen production from water and biomass derivatives. Energy Environ Sci 2011, 4:2467–2481.
Balat, H, Kirtay, E. Review hydrogen from biomass present scenario and future prospects. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2010, 35:7416–7426.
Patel, M, Jindal, T. Pant K, vol. xx. Ind Eng Chem Res: Kinetic study of steam reforming of ethanol on Ni based Ceria Zirconia catalyst; 2013, 52:15763–15771.
de la Piscina, PR, Homs, N. Use of biofuels to produce hydrogen (reformation processes). Chem Soc Rev 2008, 37:2459–2467.
Fermoso, J, He, L, Chen, D. Production of high purity hydrogen by sorption enhanced steam reforming of crude glycerol. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2012, 37:14047–14054.
Takanabe, K, Aika, K, Seshan, K, Lefferts, L. Sustainable hydrogen from bio‐oil‐steam reforming of acetic acid as a model oxygenate. J Catal 2004, 227:101–108.
Basagiannis, AC, Verykios, XE. Reforming reactions of acetic acid on nickel catalysts over a wide temperature range. Appl Catal A 2006, 308:182–193.
Xun, H, Gongxuan, L. Investigation of steam reforming of acetic acid to hydrogen over Ni–Co metal catalyst. J Mol Catal A 2007, 261:43–48.
Takanabe, K, Aika, K, Seshan, K, Lefferts, L. Catalyst deactivation during steam reforming of acetic acid over Pt/ZrO2. Chem Eng J 2006, 120:133–137.
Vagia, EC, Lemonidou, AA. Thermodynamic analysis of hydrogen production by steam reforming of bio‐oil components. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2007, 32:212–223.
Wang, Z, Roberts, RR, Naterer, GF, Gabriel, KS. Comparison of thermochemical, electrolytic, photoelectrolytic and photochemical solar‐to‐hydrogen production technologies. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2012, 37:16287–16301.
Iulianelli, A, Longo, T, Basile, A. CO‐free hydrogen production by steam reforming of acetic acid carried out in a Pd–Ag membrane reactor: the effect of co‐current and counter‐current mode. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2008, 33:4091–4096.
Assaf, PGM, Nogueira, FGE, Assaf, EM. Ni and Co catalysts supported on alumina applied to steam reforming of acetic acid: representative compound for the aqueous phase of bio‐oil derived from biomass. Catal Today 2013, 213:2–8.
An, L, Dong, C, Yang, Y, Zhang, J, He, L. The influence of Ni loading on coke formation in steam reforming of acetic acid. Renew Energy 2011, 36:930–935.
Hu, X, Lu, G. Acetic acid steam reforming to hydrogen over Co–Ce/Al2O3 and Co–La/Al2O3 catalysts—the promotion effect of Ce and La addition. Catal Commun 2010, 12:50–53.
Li, Z, Hua, X, Zhang, L, Liu, S, Lu, G. Steam reforming of acetic acid over Ni/ZrO2 catalysts: effects of nickel loading and particle size on product distribution and coke formation. Appl Catal A 2012, 417–418:281–289.
Pant, K, Mohanty, P, Agarwal, S, Dalai, AK. Steam reforming of acetic acid for hydrogen production over bifunctional Ni–Co catalysts. Catal Today 2013, 207:36–43.
Mohanty, P, Patel, M, Pant, KK. Hydrogen production from steam reforming of acetic acid over Cu–Zn supported calcium aluminate. Bioresour Technol 2012, 123:558–565.
Vagia, EC, Lemonidou, AA. Thermodynamic analysis of hydrogen production via autothermal steam reforming of selected components of aqueous bio‐oil fraction. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2008, 33:2489–2500.
Adhikari, S, Fernando, SD, Haryanto, A. Hydrogen production from glycerin by steam reforming over nickel catalysts. Renew Energy 2008, 33:1097–1100.
Adhikari, S, Fernando, S, Haryanto, A. Production of hydrogen by steam reforming of glycerin over alumina‐supported metal catalysts. Catal Today 2007, 129:355–364.
Zhang, B, Tang, X, Li, Y, Xu, Y, Shen, W. Hydrogen production from steam reforming of ethanol and glycerol over ceria‐supported metal catalysts. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2007, 32:2367–2373.
Iriondo, A, Barrio, VL, Cambra, JF, Arias, PL, Guemez, MB, Navarro, RM, Sanchez‐Sanchez, MC, Fierro, JLG. Hydrogen production from glycerol over nickel catalysts supported on Al2O3 modified by Mg, Zr, Ce or La. Top Catal 2008, 49:46–58.
Wang, W, Xie, L, Luo, G, Zhou, Q. Enhanced fermentative hydrogen production from cassava stillage by co‐digestion: the effects of different co‐substrates. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2013, 38:6980–6988.
Kamonsuangkasem, K, Therdthianwong, S, Therdthianwong, A. Hydrogen production from yellow glycerol via catalytic oxidative steam reforming. Fuel process Technol 2013, 106:695–703.
Rennard, DC, Kruger, JS, Schmidt, LD. Autothermal catalytic partial oxidation of glycerol to syngas and to non‐equilibrium products. ChemSusChem 2009, 2:89–98.
Swami, SM, Abraham, MA. Integrated catalytic process for conversion of biomass to hydrogen. Energy Fuel 2006, 20:2616–2622.
Yang, G, Yu, H, Peng, F, Wang, H, Yang, J, Xie, D. Thermodynamic analysis of hydrogen generation via oxidative steam reforming of glycerol. Renew Energy 2011, 36:2120–2127.
Bimbela, F, Oliva, M, Ruiz, J, Garcıa, L, Arauzo, J. Hydrogen production by catalytic steam reforming of acetic acid, a model compound of biomass pyrolysis liquids. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 2007, 79:112–120.
Galdamez, JR, Garcıa, L, Bilbao, R. Hydrogen production by steam reforming of bio‐oil using coprecipitated Ni–Al catalysts. Acetic acid as a model compound. Energy Fuel 2005, 19:1133–1142.
Medrano, JA, Oliva, M, Ruiz, J, Garcıa, L, Arauzo, J. Catalytic steam reforming of model compounds of biomass pyrolysis liquids in fluidized bed reactor with modified Ni/Al catalysts. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 2009, 85:214–225.
Bimbela, F, Oliva, M, Ruiz, J, Garcıa, L, Arauzo, J. Catalytic steam reforming of model compounds of biomass pyrolysis liquids in fixed bed: acetol and nbutanol. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 2009, 85:204–213.
Jeong, CM, Park, GW, Choi, J, Kang, JW, Kim, SM, Lee, W, Woo, SI, Chang, HN. Steam reforming of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) over supported Pt/Al2O3 catalysts. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2011, 36:7505–7515.
Medrano, JA, Oliva, M, Ruiz, J, Garcıa, L, Arauzo, J. Catalytic steam reforming of model compounds of biomass pyrolysis liquids in fluidized bed reactor with modified Ni/Al catalysts. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 2009, 85:214–225.
Wang, Z, Pan, Y, Dong, T, Zhu, X, Kan, T, Yuan, L, Torimoto, Y, Sadakata, M, Li, Q. Production of hydrogen from catalytic steam reforming of bio‐oil using C12A7‐O‐based catalysts. Appl Catal A 2007, 320:24–34.
Bi, Y, Lu, G. Nano‐Cu catalyze hydrogen production from formaldehyde solution at room temperature. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2008, 33:2225–2232.
Meryemoglu, B, Hesenov, A, Irmak, S, Atanur, OM, Erbatur, O. Aqueous‐phase reforming of biomass using various types of supported precious metal and raney‐nickel catalysts for hydrogen production. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2010, 35:1258–12587.
Davda, RR, Shabaker, JW, Huber, GW, Cortright, RD, Dumesic, JA. A review of catalytic issues and process conditions for renewable hydrogen and alkanes by aqueous‐phase reforming of oxygenated hydrocarbons over supported metal catalysts. Appl Catal B 2005, 56:171–186.
Kale, GR, Kulkarni, BD. Thermodynamic analysis of dry autothermal reforming of glycerol. Fuel Process Tech 2010, 91:520–530.
Lu, YJ, Guo, LJ, Ji, CM, Zhang, XM, Hao, XH, Yan, QH. Hydrogen production by biomass gasification in supercritical water: Aparametric study. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2006, 31:822–831.
Zhu, LJ, Guo, PJ, Chu, XW, Yan, SR, Qiao, MH, Fan, KN, Zhang, XX, Zong, BN. An environmentally benign and catalytically efficient non‐pyrophoric Ni catalyst for aqueous‐phase reforming of ethylene glycol. Green Chem 2008, 10:1323–1330.
Tanksale, A, Beltramini, JN, Lu, GM. A review of catalytic hydrogen production processes from biomass. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2010, 14:166–182.
Bartels, JR, Pate, MB, Olson, NK. An economic survey of hydrogen production from conventional and alternative energy sources. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2010, 35:8371–8384.
Biagini, E, Masoni, L, Tognotti, L. Comparative study of thermochemical processes for hydrogen production from biomass fuels. Bioresour Technol 2010, 101:6381–6388.
Zhao, B, Zhang, X, Sun, L, Meng, G, Chen, L, Xiaolu, Y. Hydrogen production from biomass combining pyrolysis and the secondary decomposition. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2010, 35:2606–2611.
Li, Y, Wang, J, Peng, S, Lu, G, Li, S. Photocatalytic hydrogen generation in the presence of glucose over ZnS‐coated ZnIn2S4 under visible light irradiation. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2010, 35:7116–7126.
Wang, C, Dou, B, Chen, H, Song, Y, Xu, Y, Dua, X, Luo, T, Tan, C. Hydrogen production from steam reforming of glycerol by Ni–Mg–Al based catalysts in a fixed‐bed reactor. Chemical Engineering J 2013, 220:133–142.
Chang, ACC, Louh, RF, Wong, D, Tseng, J, Lee, YS. Hydrogen production by aqueous‐phase biomass reforming over carbon textile supported PteRu bimetallic catalysts. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2011, 36:8794–8799.
Kirtay, E. Recent advances in production of hydrogen from biomass. Energy Convers Manage 2011, 52:1778–1789.
James, OO, Maity, S, Mesubi, MA, Ogunniran, KO, Siyanbola, TO, Sahub, S, Chaubey, R. Towards reforming technologies for production of hydrogen exclusively from renewable resources. Green Chem 2011, 13:2272–2284.
Wei, Z, Sun, J, Li, Y, Datye, AK, Wang, Y. Bimetallic catalysts for hydrogen generation. Chem Soc Rev 2012, 41:7994–8008.
Mohanty, P, Pant, KK, Naik, SN, Das, LM, Vasudevan, P. Fuel production from biomass: Indian perspective for pyrolysis oil. J Sci Ind Res 2011, 70:668–674.
Trane, R, Dahl, S, Skjøth‐Rasmussen, MS, Jensen, AD. Review catalytic steam reforming of bio‐oil. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2012, 37:6447–6472.
Chaubey, R, Sahu, S, James, OO, Maity, S. A review on development of industrial processes and emerging techniques for production of hydrogen from renewable and sustainable sources. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2013, 23:443–462.
Hu, R, Yan, C, Zheng, X, Liu, H, Zhou, Z. Carbon deposition on Ni/ZrO2eCeO2 catalyst during steam reforming of acetic acid. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2013, 38:6033–6038.
Avasthi, KS, Reddy, RN, Patel, S. Challenges in the production of hydrogen from glycerol‐a biodiesel byproduct via steam reforming process. Procedia Eng 2013, 51:423–429.
Zhao, B, Zhang, X, Sun, L, Meng, G, Chen, L, Xiaolu, Y. Hydrogen production from biomass combining pyrolysis and the secondary decomposition. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2013, 35:2606–2611.
Pairojpiriyakul, T, Croiset, E, Kiatkittipong, W, Kiatkittipong, K, Arpornwichanop, A, Assabumrungrat, S. Hydrogen production from catalytic supercritical water reforming of glycerol with cobalt‐based catalysts. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2013, 38:4368–4379.
Cohce, MK, Dincer, I, Rosen, MA. Thermodynamic analysis of hydrogen production from biomass gasification. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2010, 35:4970–4980.
Agrafiotis, C, Storch, HV, Roeb, M, Sattler, C. Solar thermal reforming of methane feedstocks for hydrogen and syngas production ‐ a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2014, 29:656–682.
Demirbas, A, Arin, G. An overview of biomass pyrolysis. Energy Source 2002, 24:471–482.
Demirbas, A. Yields of hydrogen‐rich gaseous products via pyrolysis from selected biomass samples. Fuel 2001, 80:1885–1891.
Xiu, S, Shahbazi, A. Bio‐oil production and upgrading research: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2012, 16:4406–4414.