How to cite this WIREs title:
WIREs Energy Environ.

Impact Factor: 2.922

Global electricity demand, generation, grid system, and renewable energy polices: a review

Overview

M. Hasanuzzaman, Ummu Salamah Zubir, Nur Iqtiyani Ilham, Hang Seng Che

Published Online: Jul 13 2016

DOI: 10.1002/wene.222

Full article on Wiley Online Library: HTML PDF

Can't access this content? Tell your librarian.

The rising concerns on the impacts of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and global warming have forced the world to search for alternative clean and green energy resources. Renewable energy is one of the most sustainable forms of energy, and is an increasingly popular replacement to fossil fuels. In line with this, the world has witnessed tremendous growth in renewable energy technologies as well as unprecedented adoption of renewable‐based electricity generation in the past few decades. This review paper focuses on the global energy demand, power generation, electricity production, electrical grid system as well as current global polices to move forward for renewable energy‐based power generation. This work compiles the latest literature (i.e., journal articles, conference proceedings, reports, etc.) on global energy demand, power generation, electrical grid system as well as current global polices related to renewable energy. From the review, it is found that renewable energy is one of the potential resources to fulfill the future energy demand with mitigating GHG emissions and global warming. It is also found that many polices has been implementing globally to promote renewable energy‐based power generation. WIREs Energy Environ 2017, 6:e222. doi: 10.1002/wene.222 This article is categorized under: Energy Infrastructure > Climate and Environment Energy and Climate > Climate and Environment Energy Policy and Planning > Economics and Policy

Global CO₂ emission by fuel.

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

Reactive current requirement during Low voltage ride through (LVRT) for E.ON Germany.

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

Examples of Low voltage ride through (LVRT) and anti‐islanding protection requirements for small solar PV systems.

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

The geographical routes and layout of Desertec Project.

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

The geographical routes and layout of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) interconnection.

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

Requirement of space for high voltage direct current (HVDC) and high voltage alternate current (HVAC) overhead transmission line tower.

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

Radial topology of electricity supply.

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

Estimated renewable energy share of global electricity production, end‐2014.

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

Consumption trend and projection by fuel.

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

Residential electricity prices in EU and USA.

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

Electricity prices for EU countries.

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

Electricity domestic consumption in 2014.

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

Electricity domestic production in 2014.

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

Shares of primary energy from 1965 until 2035.

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

Global energy consumption by fuels based on British Petrol (BP) Statistical Review of World Energy 2015.

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

References

BP. Energy outlook 2035. Available at: http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/Energy‐economics/energy‐outlook‐2015/Energy_Outlook_2035_booklet.pdf, 27/8/2015. Editor. February 2015.
Ong, HC, Mahlia, TMI, Masjuki, HH. A review on energy scenario and sustainable energy in Malaysia. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2011, 15:639–647.
Schroeder, M. Utilizing the clean development mechanism for the deployment of renewable energies in China. Appl Energy 2009, 86:237–242.
Hasanuzzaman, M, Al‐Amin, AQ, Khanam, S, Hosenuzzaman, M. Photovoltaic power generation and its economic and environmental future in Bangladesh. J Renew Sustain Energy 2015, 7:013108.
Ahmed, F, Al Amin, AQ, Hasanuzzaman, M, Saidur, R. Alternative energy resources in Bangladesh and future prospect. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2013, 25:698–707.
Hosenuzzaman, M, Rahim, NA, Selvaraj, J, Hasanuzzaman, M, Malek, ABMA, Nahar, A. Global prospects, progress, policies, and environmental impact of solar photovoltaic power generation. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2015, 41:284–297.
Petinrin, JO, Shaaban, M. Renewable energy for continuous energy sustainability in Malaysia. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2015, 50:967–981.
Hasanuzzaman, M, Saidur, R, Masjuki, HH. Effects of different variables on moisture transfer of household refrigerator‐freezer. Energy Educ Sci Technol A‐Energy Sci Res 2011, 27:401–418.
Saidur, R, Hasanuzzaman, M, Sattar, MA, Masjuki, HH, Irfan Anjum, M, Mohiuddin, AKM. An analysis of energy use, energy intensity and emissions at the industrial sector of Malaysia. Int J Mech Mater Eng 2007, 2:84–92.
Abdelaziz, EA, Saidur, R, Mekhilef, S. A review on energy saving strategies in industrial sector. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2011, 15:150–168.
BP. Statistical review of world energy. June 2015. Available at: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/energy‐economics/statistical‐review‐2015/bp‐statistical‐review‐of‐world‐energy‐2015‐full‐report.pdf (Accessed October 20, 2015).
Worldwide electricity production from renewable energy sources: Stats and Figures Series, in Electricity production in the world: general forecasts. 2013. Available at: http://www.energies‐renouvelables.org/observ‐er/html/inventaire/pdf/15e‐inventaire‐Chap01‐Eng.pdf
BP. Energy outlook 2035. Available at: http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/Energy‐economics/energy‐outlook‐2015/Energy_Outlook_2035_booklet.pdf. (Accessed August 27, 2015), Editor. January 2014.
EIA. International Energy Outlook 2013, in DOE/EIA‐0484(2013). 2013. Available at: http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/ieo/pdf/0484(2013).pdf (Accessed October 20, 2015).
Hasanuzzaman, M, Rahim, NA, Saidur, R, Kazi, SN. Energy savings and emissions reductions for rewinding and replacement of industrial motor. Energy 2011, 36:233–240.
Enerdata. Energy Statistical Yearbook 2015, in yearly. Enerdata; 2015. Available at: https://yearbook.enerdata.net/%23energy‐primary‐production.html; https://yearbook.enerdata.net/#energy‐primary‐production.html (Accessed October 15, 2015).
Hasanuzzaman, M, Rahim, NA, Hosenuzzaman, M, Saidur, R, Mahbubul, IM, Rashid, MM. Energy savings in the combustion based process heating in industrial sector. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2012, 16:4527–4536.
Enerdata. Global Energy Statistical Yearbook 2015. Enerdata, Editor.; 2015, Enerdata—Information & Consulting firm. Available at: https://yearbook.enerdata.net/world‐electricity‐production‐map‐graph‐and‐data.html#world‐electricity‐production‐map‐graph‐and‐data.html (Accessed October 15, 2015).
Mande OEaFEpl. Worldwide Electricity Production from Renewable Energy Sources, in Worldwide Electricity Production from Renewable Energy Sources. Paris: Observ`ER and Foundation Energies pour le Mande; 2013. Observ`ER, Editor.
Group TWB. World development indicators: electricity production, sources, and access. 2011. Available at: http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/3.7 (Accessed October 6, 2015).
The Danish Ministry of Climate EaB, Our Future Energy: The Danish Government 2011: Copenhagen K, Denmark. Available at: http://www.ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/policy/danish‐climate‐energy‐policy/our_future_energy.pdf (Accessed October 7, 2015).
IEA, Energy Policies of IEA Countries (Denmark). 2011: France. Available at: http://www.oecd‐ilibrary.org/energy/energy‐policies‐of‐iea‐countries_19900082. (Accessed October 13, 2015).
Phillip Lipscy, KK, Incerti, T. The Fukushima disaster and Japan`s nuclear plant vulnerability in comparative perspective. Environ Sci Tech 2013, 47:6082–6088.
Report, S. Electricity Prices in Europe. 2014. Available at: http://strom‐report.de/strompreise/#strompreise‐europa. (Accessed October 10, 2015).
EIA. European Residential Electricity Prices Increasing Faster Than Prices in United States. 2013. Available at: https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=18851 (Accessed October 9, 2015).
Lau, LC, Lee, KT, Mohamed, AR. Global warming mitigation and renewable energy policy development from the Kyoto Protocol to the Copenhagen Accord—a comment. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2012, 16:5280–5284.
UNFCC. Available at: http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php. (Accessed September 11, 2015.
Berhad, TN. TNB Annual Report. 2014. Available at: https://www.tnb.com.my/suppliers‐investors‐media‐relations/annual-reports. (Accessed November 30, 2015).
BP. Energy Outlook. Available at: http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/Energy‐economics/energy‐outlook‐2015/Energy_Outlook_2035_booklet.pdf, 2035. (Accessed August 27, 2015) Editor. February 2015.
REN21. Renewables 2015 Global Status Report, Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st century. 2015. Available at: http://www.ren21.net/wp‐content/uploads/2015/07/REN12‐GSR2015_Onlinebook_low1.pdf. (Accessed October 6, 2015).
El‐katiri, L. A Roadmap for Renewable Energy in the Middle East and North Africa. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies; 2014. Available at: https://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/MEP‐6.pdf. (Accessed December 20, 2015).
CITDC. Design Overhead Distribution Systems. Dandenong: Chisholm Institute of TAFE Dandenong Campus; 2010, Available at: http://www.epu.edu.vn/UpLoadFiles/DS05B_V1.pdf. (Accessed December 20, 2015).
Antonio Gomez‐Exposito, Antonio J. Conejo, Claudio Canizares. Electric Energy Systems: Analysis and Operation. CRC Press, 19 Apr 2016.
Hashmi, M, Hanninen, S, Maki, K. Survey of smart grid concepts, architectures, and technological demonstrations worldwide. Medellin: Paper presented at the Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT Latin America), 2011 IEEE PES Conference on; 2011, 1–7.
Negra, NB, Todorovic, J, Ackermann, T. Loss evaluation of HVAC and HVDC transmission solutions for large offshore wind farms. Electric Power Systems Research 2006, 76:916–927.
Rahman, MM, MF Rabbi,, MK Islam,, and FM Mahafugur Rahman. HVDC over HVAC power transmission system: Fault current analysis and effect comparison. in Electrical Engineering and Information %26 Communication Technology (ICEEICT), 2014 International Conference on. Dhaka, 2014, pp. 1–6.
AEP, AEP`s 2012 Fact Book. 2012: USA, https://www.aep.com/investors/eventspresentationsandwebcasts/documents/2012AEPFactbook.pdf (Accessed October 20, 2015).
SIEMENS. HVDC Benefits, 2015; Available from: http://www.energy.siemens.com/br/en/power‐transmission/hvdc/applications‐benefits/hvdc‐benefits.htm#content=Environmental%20Benefits (Accessed September 21, 2015)
Al‐Mohaisen, A, Sud, S. Update on the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) electricity grid system interconnection. In: 2006 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting. Montreal, Que; 2006, 1–6.
Aljohani AMA, TM. The Operation of the GCCIA HVDC Project and Its Potential Impacts on the Electric Power Systems of the Region. International Journal of Electronics and Electrical Engineering 2014, 2:207–213.
Bialek JW. Why has it happened again? Comparison between the UCTE blackout in 2006 and the blackouts of 2003. Power Tech, 2007 IEEE Lausanne, Lausanne, 2007, pp. 51–56.
Chunyan L, Yuanzhang S, and Xiangyi C. Analysis of the blackout in Europe on November 4. 2007 International Power Engineering Conference (IPEC 2007). Singapore 2006, 2007:939–944.
Stefanov, A, Liu, CC, Sforna, M, Eremia, M, Balaurescu, R. "Decision support for restoration of interconnected power systems using tie lines," in IET Generation. Transmission %26 Distribution 2015, 9:1006–1018.
ENTSO‐E. European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO‐E). 2016, Available from: https://www.entsoe.eu/about‐entso‐e/Pages/default.aspx (Accessed April 20, 2016)
Europian Environmental Agency (EEA). Final electricity consumption by sector (ENER 018) ‐ Assessment published April 2012; Available from: http://www.eea.europa.eu/data‐and‐maps/indicators/final‐electricity‐consumption‐by‐sector/final‐electricity‐consumption‐by‐sector‐3#toc‐1(Accessed May 5, 2013)
Zhang, XP, Rehtanz, C, Bai, X, Wu, Z, Hager, U. Towards European smart grids. In: 2011 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting. San Diego, CA; 2011, 1–5.
UCTE. The UCTE Operation Handbook. Brussels, Belgium: UCTE; 2004.
Coordination of Electricity System Operators (CORESO) implements a new service to support TSOs in case of potential large electric disturbance across countries. 2. Retrieved from http://www.coreso.eu/2011_12_06%20PR%20Coreso.pdf (Accessed October, 2014)
Coordination of Electricity System Operators (CORESO). 2012; Official Webite for Coordination of Electricity System Operators (CORESO). Available from: http://www.coreso.eu/contact.php (Accessed May 15, 2015).
CORESO Operational Review 2012, http://www.coreso.eu/wp‐content/uploads/Coreso_Operational_Review_2012_v3.pdf (Accessed Dicember, 2015)
G.M. Shafiullah,, Amaah M.T. Oo, A.B.M. Shawkat Ali, Peter Wolfs, Potential challenges of integrating large‐scale wind energy into the power grid–A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2013, 20: 306–321
Rodríguez, RA, Becker, S, Andresen, GB, Heide, D, M, G. Transmission needs across a fully renewable European power system. Renewable Energy 2014, 63:467–476.
Dulău, LI, Abrudean, M, Bică, D. Effects of Distributed Generation on Electric Power Systems. Procedia Technology 2014, 12:681–686.
Clean Power from Deserts, White Book 4th Edition, DESERTEC Foundation, February 2009, www.desertec.org
M. Karimi,, H. Mokhlis,, K. Naidu,, S. Uddin,, A.H.A. Bakar,, Photovoltaic penetration issues and impacts in distribution network – A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016, 53 : 594–605.
Xiaoqiang Guo,, David Xu,, Bin Wu,, Overview of anti‐islanding US patents for grid‐connected inverters, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2014, 40 : 311–317,
Yang, Y, P Enjeti,, F Blaabjerg,, and H Wang,, Suggested grid code modifications to ensure wide‐scale adoption of photovoltaic energy in distributed power generation systems," in Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, 2013 IEEE ,6‐11 Oct. 2013. Pp.1‐8.
GCG, E.ON Netz GmbH. Grid Code. Germany [EB/OL]. 2003. Available online: http://www.eonnetz.com (Accessed December, 2015).
H. Fayaz,, N. A. Rahim,, R. Saidur,, K. H. Solangi,, H. Niaz, and M. S. Hossain,, Solar energy policy: Malaysia vs developed countries, Clean Energy and Technology (CET), 2011 IEEE First Conference on, Kuala Lumpur, 2011, pp. 374–378.
Mittal, S, ASEAN Countries Adopt Renewable Energy Target, http://cleantechnica.com/2015/10/09/asean‐countries‐adopt‐renewable‐energy‐target/ (Accessed November 23, 2015).
Chen W‐n, Renewable Energy Status in Malaysia. Sustainable Energy Development Authority Malaysia (SEDA) 2012, http://www.mida.gov.my/env3/uploads/events/Sabah04122012/SEDA.pdf (Accessed December 15, 2015).
Cross, S, A Hast,, R Kuhi‐Thalfeldt,, S Syri,, D Streimikiene,, and A Denina,, Progress in renewable electricity in Northern Europe towards EU 2020 targets. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2015. 52: 1768–1780.
CASES, The Drivers of Electricity Demand and Supply. Cost Assessment of Sustainable Energy Systems 2007. Project No 518294 SES6.
Solangi, KH, Islam, MR, Saidur, R, Rahim, NA, Fayaz, H. A review on global solar energy policy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2011, 15:2149–2163.
Ash, K, President Obama announces new renewable energy targets, but we can and must do more, http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/news/Blogs/makingwaves/President‐Obama‐renewable‐energy‐climate‐legacy/blog/53473/ (Accessed November 16, 2015).
International, G, Energy Revolution: A Sustainable USA Energy Outlook. May 2014. http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/wp‐content/uploads/legacy/Global/usa/planet3/PDFs/Energy‐Revolution‐2014.pdf (Accessed October 5, 2015)
Davis, JH, Obama Plan Would Give Poor Easier Access to Solar Energy, in The New York Times. July 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/08/us/white‐house‐solar‐plan‐aims‐at‐low‐and‐middle‐income‐people.html?_r=1 (Accessed November 17, 2015).
Plan, NYSE. 2015 New York State Energy Plan. http://energyplan.ny.gov/Plans/2015 (November 16, 2015).
Davidson, R. California sets 50% renewable energy target, in Wind Power Monthly. September 2015.
Hua, Y, Oliphant, M, Hu, EJ. Development of renewable energy in Australia and China: A comparison of policies and status. Renewable Energy 2016, 85:1044–1051.
Agency, IE. IEA/IRENA Joint Policies and Measures Database. http://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/renewableenergy/ (Accessed Novenber 20, 2015)
Byrnes, L, Brown, C, Foster, J, Wagner, LD. Australian renewable energy policy: Barriers and challenges. Renewable Energy 2013, 60:711–721.
IRENA. About IRENA. Available at: http://www.ren21.net/about‐ren21/ (Accessed December 10, 2015).

Access to this WIREs title is by subscription only.

Recommend to Your
Librarian Now!

The latest WIREs articles in your inbox

Sign Up for Article Alerts