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WIREs Energy Environ.

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How Shenzhen, China pioneered the widespread adoption of electric vehicles in a major city: Implications for global implementation

Focus Article

Xiaoming Ma, Junping Ji, Xiawei Liao, Haiyi Ye, Mengnan Li

Published Online: Mar 13 2020

DOI: 10.1002/wene.373

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Abstract The adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is an important way to reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. The city of Shenzhen, in southern China, has focused on developing policies to encourage EV implementation over the past decade and now has the most EVs of any city in the world, including the largest e‐bus and e‐taxi fleets. This paper reviews Shenzhen's innovative incentive policies and business models with respect to the potential for other cities and regions to learn from the city's experiences. Subsidies for the purchase and use of EVs, the construction of charging facilities, and the provision of services followed an inverse U‐shaped trend that initially rose to encourage early adoption before decreasing as the market matured. Additional incentives included preferential vehicle licensing, parking privileges, and road access. Furthermore, the city adopted a business model that incentivized cooperation between third‐party financial institutions, EV manufacturers, and charging facility operators to reduce the initial financial burden and risk of EV adoption by pooling purchasing power through leasing and vehicle sharing while disassociating vehicle and battery maintenance. Although Shenzhen's experience has unique aspects that cannot easily be replicated, such as a strong financial position of the government, it offers two important lessons for other cities around the globe: (a) incentivize the whole EV value chain in order to avoid bottlenecks and (b) use innovative business models that mobilize both public and private resources by distributing both risks and rewards. This article is categorized under: Energy and Transport > Economics and Policy Energy and Transport > Economics and Policy Energy Research and Innovation > Climate and Environment

Location of Shenzhen city

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Incentives for Shenzhen e‐taxi adoption along the full value chain

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Typical business model for e‐bus promotion in Shenzhen. Note: Numbers in this figure are based on electric buses produced by BYD Company, which occupy more than 90% of the electric bus market share

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Subsidies by EV type for (a) 12 m all‐electric bus; (b) all‐electric taxi with 250 km driving range; (c) all‐electric trucks with 50 kWh battery capacity; (d) all‐electric private car with 250 km driving range. 2018 subsidies are based on the subsidy standard after June 12, 2018

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Shenzhen EV promotional policies

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Shenzhen electric vehicle population, 2009–2018

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