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WIREs Energy Environ.

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Addressing technical challenges in 100% variable inverter‐based renewable energy power systems

Advanced Review

Bri‐Mathias S. Hodge, Himanshu Jain, Carlo Brancucci, Gab‐Su Seo, Magnus Korpås, Juha Kiviluoma, Hannele Holttinen, James Charles Smith, Antje Orths, Ana Estanqueiro, Lennart Söder, Damian Flynn, Til Kristian Vrana, Rick Wallace Kenyon, Benjamin Kroposki

Published Online: May 27 2020

DOI: 10.1002/wene.376

Full article on Wiley Online Library: HTML PDF

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Abstract Rapidly increasing levels of variable inverter‐based renewable energy sources (are quickly changing electric power systems and prompting questions about how the systems will be operated when renewable generation becomes the dominant technologies. In this article, we review the status of this shifting paradigm in power systems throughout the world. We then review the implications of this shift, focusing on the rising challenges, and we provide an overview and technology‐readiness classifications of some proposed mitigation strategies. Finally, we highlight outstanding questions that will require solutions to reach these ultrahigh shares of variable inverter‐based renewable energy sources. This article is categorized under: Wind Power > Systems and Infrastructure Energy Systems Economics > Systems and Infrastructure Energy Infrastructure > Systems and Infrastructure

The timescales of energy balancing as well as the timescales and state variables under disturbances considered in the three power system stability fields

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Mitigation measures in power systems as a function of the maximum instantaneous share of variable renewable energy for the reliable operation of a power system

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A generic frequency response trace for a power system following a significant loss in generation

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Type 3 and Type 4 wind turbines, showing the coupling of these rotating masses with power electronics and thus the decoupling of inertia in a synchronous sense

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The existing power system (left) is dominated by synchronous generators having large rotational inertia with a relatively small number of VIBRES. The future grid (right) will be realized as VIBRES shares increase and conventional synchronous machines are gradually replaced with power electronics‐based generation, storage, and loads

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VIBRES instantaneous and annual shares as a function of power system size. Note that Ta'u is an island that is part of American Samoa, while ERCOT (Electric Reliability Council of Texas) and WECC (Western Electricity Coordinating Council) are interconnections in the United States

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