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WIREs Energy Environ.

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Photosupercapacitors: A perspective of planar and flexible dual functioning devices

Advanced Review

Satya Kamal Chirauri, Asish K. Dehury, Yatendra S. Chaudhary

Published Online: Jun 14 2020

DOI: 10.1002/wene.377

Full article on Wiley Online Library: HTML PDF

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Abstract The development of technologies to convert solar energy and store it into a usable form of energy at a massive scale is a major thrust of research worldwide. Therefore, suitable energy storage options/devices are being sought after to store electrical energy generated by solar cells through harvesting solar radiation. The integration of solar energy converting device with supercapacitors (SCs) as a single device—called as photosupercapacitor, has great potential to power wearable and portable electronics. This dual functioning device stores the harvested energy electrochemically to provide an alternative source of power, may address the pressing issues for storage of the generated electrical energy. Different configurations to integrate solar cells and storage devices are being explored, and the integration of solar cells, particularly third‐generation, with SCs can provide high‐power conversion efficiencies. Nonetheless, the exploration of flexible electronics to meet the demand for wearable devices that operate continuously without an external power supply is highly desired. In this article, we have thoroughly discussed the developments of integrated devices based on third‐generation planar and flexible solar devices, which include: dye‐sensitized, quantum dot sensitized, organic, perovskite using SCs as energy‐storage devices. Besides, the emphasis is also given on integrated flexible or wearable systems as self‐charging and self‐powered integrated systems. The present perplexing issues and their research perspectives are also elaborated to stimulate the advancement of such integrated devices in the upcoming years. This article is categorized under: Fuel Cells and Hydrogen > Science and Materials Photovoltaics > Science and Materials Energy Research and Innovation > Science and Materials

(a) Self‐charging (V–t) curve of three serially connected device under light illumination with schematic diagram as well as digital image of the (b) glowing of the blue, red, and green LEDs by serially connected three devices as a power bank.(Reprinted with permission from Khatun et al. (2019). Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society.)

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(a) Photographs of the reversible bleaching/coloration switching behavior of self‐powered EFCDs at natural state (outside) and under UV (inset), and the corresponding (b) fluorescence ON–OFF–ON switching and (c) reversible fluorescence cycles of EFCDs during discharging and recharging process (Reprinted with permission from Sun et al. (2019). Copyright 2019 Royal Society of Chemistry.)

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Photograph of the as‐integrated flexible PSC‐LIC device. (a) Comparison of device performances. (b) Schematic diagram of a solar energy enabled, self‐powered wearable sensor. (c) Measured output current from the pulse signal (upper panel) and finger motion (lower panel) under the light illumination. (Reprinted with permission from Chao et al. (2019). Copyright 2019 Elsevier.)

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(a–f) Simultaneous energy harvesting and storage tests of the integrated device. (Reprinted with permission from Li et al. (2016). Copyright 2016 Springer Nature)

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(a) Photocharging/galvanostatic discharging curve of the power pack. The discharging current was set at 5.48 A/g. (b) Photocharging under AM 1.5 G illumination and discharging in the dark at fixed current densities of 3.84, 5.48, and 10.96 A/g. (c) Photograph of six power packs connected in series to drive an LED. (Reprinted with permission from Liu, Li, Kaner, Chen, and Pei (2018). Copyright 2018 American Chemical Society.)

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Illustration of integrated fiber device and the circuit connection state in the process of charging and discharging, respectively. (Reprinted with permission from Zhang, Huang, Li, and Jiang (2013). Copyright 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.)

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Schematic of the composition and structure of the integrated energy textile for future smart garments. (Reprinted with permission from Chai et al. (2016). Copyright 2016 American Chemical Society.)

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The self‐charging power textile woven with F‐TENGs, F‐DSSCs, and F‐SCs under outdoor (a), indoor (b), and movement (c) conditions. (d) Rectifier circuit diagram of the device. (e) Charging curve of the F‐DSSC and the F‐TENG. (f) Normalized transferred charges Q_SC values of F‐TENGs, I_SC values of F‐DSSCs. (Reprinted with permission from Wen et al. (2016). Copyright 2016 Science Advances.)

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A schematic showing the operating principle of self‐powered elastic energy fiber. (Reprinted with permission from Yang et al. (2014). Copyright 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.)

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(a) Schematic illustration of integrated flexible self‐powered FPCs for UV photodetector. (b) Photocharge/galvanostatic discharge curves of the self‐powered FPCs without the additional use of welding connection and metal wire. The discharging current is 200 μA. (Reprinted with permission from Z. Wang, Cheng, Huang, and Wang (2019). Copyright 2019 Elsevier.)

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(a) Illustration of operational mechanism of a self‐powering energy fiber constructed by integrating a fibrous DSSC and a fibrous supercapacitor with [email protected]₂@MoS₂ electrodes, (b) J–V plots. (c) Overall photochemical‐electricity energy conversion efficiency of the self‐powering energy fiber as a function of the photocharging time. (Reprinted with permission from Liang et al. (2016). Copyright 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.)

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(a, b) Schematic diagram of the circuit connection during charging and discharging processes, respectively. (c) Photocharging–discharging curve of a typical energy wire. The discharging current is 0.1 mA. (Reprinted with permission from Chen, Qiu, Yang, et al. (2012). Copyright 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.)

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Photoinduced charge storage. (a) Voltage dependent on time in charging process in light at open circuit. (b) Current density dependent on time in discharging process in dark at 0 V. (c) current density dependent on time of the device in charging process in light at 0 V. (Reprinted with permission from Y. Wang, Feng, et al. (2019). Copyright 2019 Elsevier.)

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(a) Schematic illustration and (b) structural schematic of the integrated device connected in series; (c) J–V curves of the integrated device when the SC was precharged to different potentials (0, 0.4, 0.7, and 1 V). (Reprinted with permission from Z. Liu, Zhong, et al. (2017). Copyright 2017 American Chemical Society.)

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Absolute current flowing through the super‐capacitor (black squares) and voltage across it (red dots) during charge discharge (a) under 1‐sun light, where the charge stops after 35 s and (b) under simulated indoor light, where the charge stops after 3,090 s. (Reprinted with permission from Lechênewe et al. (2016). Copyright 2016 Elsevier.)

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(a) An illustration showing standard graphene‐based integrated‐power‐sheet device. (b) Charged power sheet used to glow red LED (turn‐on voltage is ≈1.6 V), a green LED (≈2 V), and blue LED (≈2.4 V) (Reprinted with permission from Chien et al. (2015). Copyright 2015 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.)

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A schematic showing a QDSSC type photosupercapacitor. (Reprinted with permission from Narayanan, Kumar, Melepurath, and Avanish (2015). Copyright 2015 Elsevier.)

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