How to cite this WIREs title:
WIREs Energy Environ.

Impact Factor: 3.803

Comparative analysis of biodiesel versus green diesel

Overview

Andreas Vonortas, Nikolaos Papayannakos

Published Online: Apr 10 2013

DOI: 10.1002/wene.78

Full article on Wiley Online Library: HTML PDF

Can't access this content? Tell your librarian.

The use of biofuels is becoming more and more common because of both environmental and economical concerns. Several attempts have been made for the substitution of fossil fuels with other alternative fuels. An important feedstock for the production of biofuels fully adapted to modern engine technology is ester molecules derived from refined or crude vegetable oils and animal fats. Two distinct techniques have been applied for the transformation of the vegetable oil's esters into molecules compatible with petroleum diesel that is transesterification of ester molecules for the production of lighter esters by using an alcohol and hydrogenation of ester bonds for the production of linear hydrocarbons. The way both biofuels are produced is discussed in this work. Raw materials tested, production methods and systems investigated, feasibility of production of these fuels in plant and industrial scale and the main characteristics of the two fuels are included. WIREs Energy Environ 2014, 3:3–23. doi: 10.1002/wene.78 This article is categorized under: Bioenergy > Science and Materials Energy and Development > Science and Materials

Transesterification of typical triglycerides using methanol.

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

Coprocessing of vegetable oil and gas oil for the production of a mixture of diesel and green diesel.

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

Schematic diagram of production of a mixture of diesel and green diesel with neat vegetable oil HDO and gas oil HDS.

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

Hydrogenation of triglyceride via the three proposed reaction pathways.

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

Industrial process steps for biodiesel production using waste oil with high concentration in FFAs. A pretreatment stage of the fatty acid is required before the transesterification for avoiding the formation of soaps or ester molecule's hydrolysis.

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

Mechanism of acidic catalyzed transesterification. (Reproduced with permission from Ref 27. Copyright 1998, S.B.Q., Sociedade Brasileira de Química.)

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

Mechanism of alkali catalyzed transesterification. (Reproduced with permission from Ref . Copyright 1998, S.B.Q., Sociedade Brasileira de Química.)

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

Typical industrial process involving alkali catalysis.

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

References

Leung, DYC, Wu, X, Leung, MKH. A review on biodiesel production using catalyzed transesterification. Appl Energy 2010, 87:1083–1095.
Adams, C, Peters, J, Rand, M, Schroer, B, Ziemke, M. Investigation of soybean oil as a diesel fuel extender: endurance tests. J Am Oil Chem Soc 1983, 60:1574–1579.
Anon. Filtered used frying fat powers diesel fleet. J Am Oil Chem Soc 1982, 59:780A–781A.
Engler, C, Johnson, L, Lepori, W, Yarbrough, C. Effects of processing and chemical characteristics of plant oils on performance of an indirect‐injection diesel engine. J Am Oil Chem Soc 1983, 60:1592–1596.
Peterson, C, Auld, D, Korus, R. Winter rape oil fuel for diesel engines: recovery and utilization. J Am Oil Chem Soc 1983, 60:1579–1587.
Strayer, R, Blake, J, Craig, W. Canola and high erucic rapeseed oil as substitutes for diesel fuel: preliminary tests. J Am Oil Chem Soc 1983, 60:1587–1592.
Schwab, AW, Bagby, MO, Freedman, B. Preparation and properties of diesel fuels from vegetable oils. Fuel 1987, 66:1372–1378.
Stumborg, M, Wong, A, Hogan, E. Hydroprocessed vegetable oils for diesel fuel improvement. Bioresour Technol 1996, 56:13–18.
Chang, C, Wan, S. China`s motor fuels from tung oil. Ind Eng Chem 1947, 39:1543–1548.
Crossley, A, Heyes, TD, Hudson, B. The effect of heat on pure triglycerides. J Am Oil Chem Soc 1962, 39:9–14.
Niehaus, RA, Giering, CE, Savage, LD Jr, Sorenson, SC. Cracked soybean oil as fuel foe a diesel engine. Trans Am Soc Agric Eng 1986, 29:683–689.
Pioch, D, Lozano, P, Rasoanantoandro, MC, Graille, P, Guids, A. Biofuels from catalytic cracking of tropical vegetable oils. Oleagineux 1993, 48:289–291.
Sonntag, A. Reactions of fats and fatty acids. In: Swerm, D, ed. Bailey`s Industrial Oil and Fat Products. New York: John Wiley %26 Sons; 1979.
Weisz, PB, Haag, WO, Rodeweld, PG. Catalytic production of high‐grade fuel (gasoline) from biomass compounds by shape‐delective catalysis. Science 1979, 206:57–58.
Ma, F, Hanna, MA. Biodiesel production: a review. Bioresour Technol 1999, 70:1–15.
Furimsky, E. Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation. Appl Catal A: Gen 2000, 199:147–190.
Index Mundi. Available at: www.indexmundi.com/commodities (Accessed July 1, 2012).
Utah Biodiesel Supply. Available at: www.utahbiodieselsupply.com (Accessed July 1, 2012).
European Biodiesel Board. Available at: www.ebb‐eu.org/stats.php (Accessed July 1, 2012).
Index Mundi. Available at: http://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?product=biodiesel%26graph=production (Accessed July 1, 2012).
Nair, P. UOP/Eni Ecofining™ Process Refining Renewable feedstocks. In: International Symposium on Biofuels; September 25–26, 2007; New Delhi, India.
Extension. Available at: http://www.extension.org/pages/26621/introduction‐to‐life‐cycle‐analysis (Accessed July 1, 2012).
UOP. Available at: http://www.uop.com/wp‐content/uploads/2011/01/UOP‐Hydrorefining‐Green‐Diesel‐Tech‐Paper.pdf (Accessed July 1, 2012).
Davis, SC, Anderson‐Teixeira, KJ, DeLucia, EH. Life‐cycle analysis and the ecology of biofuels. Trends Plant Sci 2009, 14:140–146.
Meher, LC, Sagar, DV, Naik, SN. Renewable and sustainable. Energy Rev 2006, 10:248.
Fukuda, H, Kondo, A, Noda, H. Review: biodiesel fuel production by transesterification of oils. J Biosci Bioenergy 2001, 95:405–416.
Schuchardt, U, Sercheli, R, Vargas, RM. Transesterification of vegetable oils: a review. J Braz Chem Soc 1998, 9:199–210.
Szuhaj, BF. Lecithins: Sources, Manufacture, and Uses. Champaign, Illinois: AOCS Press; 1989.
Schneider, M. In: Gunstone, FD, Padley, FB, eds. Lipid Technologies and Applications. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1997, 51–78.
Gunstone, FD. In: Gunstone, FD, ed. Structured and Modified Lipids. New York: Dekker; 2001, 241–250.
Harrington, KJ. Chemical and physical properties of vegetable oils esters and their effect on diesel fuel performance. Biomass 1986, 9:1–17.
U.S. EPA. A comprehensive analysis of biodiesel impacts on exhaust emissions. EPA 420‐P‐02‐001. Washington DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2002.
Mudge, SM, Pereira, G. Stimulating the biodegradation of crude oil with biodiesel preliminary results. Spill Sci Technol Bull 1999, 5:353–355.
Speidel, HK, Lightner, RL, Ahmed, I. Biodegradability of new engineered fuels compared to conventional petroleum fuels and alternative fuels in current use. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2000, 84:879–897.
Lopez, JM, Gomez, A, Aparicio, F, Javier Sanchez, F. Comparison of GHG emissions from diesel, biodiesel and natural gas refuse trucks of the City of Madrid. Appl Energy 2009, 86:610–615.
Zhang, Y, Dube, MA, McLean, DD, Kates, M. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: 2. Economic assessment and sensitivity analysis. Bioresour Technol 2003, 90:229–240.
Canakci, M, Erdil, A, Arcaklioglu, E. Performance and exhaust emissions of a biodiesel engine. Appl Energy 2005, 83:594–605.
Schumacher, LG, Borgelt, SC, Fosseen, D, Goetz, W, Hires, WG. Heavy‐duty engine exhaust emission tests using methyl ester soybean oil/diesel fuel blends. Bioresour Technol 1996, 57:31–36.
Knothe, G, Sharp, CA, Ryan, TW. Energy Fuels 2006, 20:403.
Lin, Y‐C, Lee, W‐J, Hou, H‐C. PAH emissions and energy efficiency of palm‐biodiesel blends fueled on diesel generator. Atmos Environ 2006, 40:3930–3940.
Lin, Y‐F, Greg Wu, Y‐P, Chang, C‐T. Combustion characteristics of waste‐oil produced biodiesel/diesel fuel blends. Fuel 2007, 86:1772–1780.
Lotero, E, Liu, Y, Lopez, DE, Suwannakarn, K, Bruce, DA, Goodwin, Jr JD. Synthesis of biodiesel via acid catalysis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2005, 44:5353–5363.
Demirbas, A. Fuel properties and calculation of higher heating values of vegetable oils. Fuel 1998, 77:1117–1120.
Srivastava, A, Prasad, R. Triglycerides‐based diesel fuels. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2000, 4:111–133.
Qiu, F, Li, Y, Yang, D, Li, X, Sun, P. Biodiesel production from mixed soybean oil and rapeseed oil. Appl Energy 2011, 88:2050–2055.
Phan, AN, Phan, TM. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oils. Fuel 2008, 87:3490–3496.
Felizardo, P, Neiva Correia, MJ, Raposo, I, Mendes, JF, Berkemeier, R, Bordado, JM. Production of biodiesel from waste frying oils. Waste Manage 2006, 26:487–494.
Wang, Y, Ou, S, Liu, P, Xue, F, Tang, S. Comparison of two different processes to synthesize biodiesel by waste cooking oil. J Mol Catal A: Chem 2006, 252:107–112.
Freedman, B, Pryde, EH, Mounts, TL. Variables affecting the yields of fatty esters from transesterified vegetable oils. J Am Oil Chem Soc 1984, 61:1638–1643.
Al‐Widyan, MI, Al‐Shyoukh, AO. Experimental evaluation of the transesterification of waste palm oil into biodiesel. Bioresour Technol 2002, 85:253–256.
Di Serio, M, Tesser, R, Dimiccoli, M, Cammarota, F, Nastasi, M, Santacesaria, E. Synthesis of biodiesel via homogeneous Lewis acid catalyst. J Mol Catal A: Chem 2005, 239:111–115.
Liu, Y, Lotero, E, Goodwin, Jr JG. Effect of carbon chain length on esterification of carboxylic acids with methanol using acid catalysis. J Catal 2006, 243:221–228.
Peterson, GR, Scarrah, WP. Rapeseed oil transesterification by heterogeneous catalysis. J Am Oil Chem Soc 1984, 61:1593.
Noiroj, K, Intarapong, P, Luengnaruemitchai, A, Jai‐In, S. A comparative study of KOH/Al₂O₃ and KOH/NaY catalysts for biodiesel production via transesterification from palm oil. Renew Energy 2009, 34:1145–1150.
Carmo, Jr AC, de Souza, LKC, da Costa, CEF, Longo, E, Zamian, JR, da Rocha Filho, GN. Production of biodiesel by esterification of palmitic acid over mesoporous aluminosilicate Al‐MCM‐41. Fuel 2009, 88:461–468.
Trakarnpruk, W, Porntangjitlikit, S. Palm oil biodiesel synthesized with potassium loaded calcined hydrotalcite and effect of biodiesel blend on elastomer properties. Renew Energy 2008, 33:1558–1563.
Puna, JF, Gomes, JF, Joana, M, Correia, N, Soares Dias, AP, Bordado, JC. Advances on the development of novel heterogeneous catalysts for transesterification of triglycerides in biodiesel. Fuel 2010, 89:3602–3606.
Gryglewicz, S. Rapeseed oil methyl esters preparation using heterogeneous catalysts. Bioresour Technol 1999, 70:249–253.
Son, SM, Kusakabe, K. Transesterification of sunflower oil in a countercurrent trickle‐bed reactor packed with a CaO catalyst. Chem Eng Process 2011, 50:650–654.
Kouzu, M, Kasuno, T, Tajika, M, Sugimoto, Y, Yamanaka, S, Hidaka, J. Calcium oxide as a solid base catalyst for transesterification of soybean oil and its application to biodiesel production. Fuel 2008, 87:2798–2806.
Vujicic, Dj, Comic, D, Zarubica, A, Micic, R, Boskovic, G. Kinetics of biodiesel synthesis from sunflower oil over CaO heterogeneous catalyst. Fuel 2010, 89:2054–2061.
Alonso, DM, Villa, F, Mariscal, R, Ojeda, M, Granados, ML, Santamaria‐Gonzalez, J. Relevance of the physicochemical properties of CaO catalysts for the methanolysis of triglycerides to obtain biodiesel. Catal Today 2010, 158:114–120.
Zafiropoulos, NA, Ngo, HL, Foglia, TA, Samulski, ET, Lin, W. Catalytic synthesis of biodiesel from high free fatty acid‐containing feedstocks. Chem Commun 2007, 35:3670–3672.
Bai HX, Shen XZ, Liu XH, Liu SY. Synthesis of porous CaO microsphere and its application in catalyzing transesterification reaction for biodiesel. Trans Nonferr Metals Soc China 2009, 19:674–677.
Kouzu, M, Kasuno, T, Tajika, M, Yamanaka, S, Hidaka, J. Active phase of calcium oxide used as solid base catalyst for transesterification of soybean oil with refluxing methanol. Appl Catal A: Gen 2008, 334:357–365.
Lopez Granados, M, Zafra Poves, MD, Martin Alonso, D, Mariscal, R, Cabello Galisteo, F, Moreno‐Tost, R, Santamaria, J, Fierro, JLG. Biodiesel from sunflower oil by using activated calcium oxide. Appl Catal B: Environ 2007, 73:317–326.
Di Serio, M, Ledda, M, Cozzolino, M, Minutillo, G, Tesser, R, Santacesaria, E. Transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel by using heterogeneous basic catalysts. Ind Eng Chem Res 2006, 45:3009–3014.
Cantrell, DG, Gillie, LJ, Lee, AF, Wilson, K. Structure–reactivity correlations in MgAl hydrotalcite catalysts for biodiesel synthesis. Appl Catal A: Gen 2005, 287:183–190.
Georgogianni, KG, Katsoulidis, AP, Pomonis, PJ, Kontominas, MG. Transesterification of soybean frying oil to biodiesel using heterogeneous catalysts. Fuel Process Technol 2009, 90:671–676.
Zeng, H‐Y, Feng, Z, Deng, X, Li, Y‐Q. Activation of Mg–Al hydrotalcite catalysts for transesterification of rape oil. Fuel 2008, 87:3071–3076.
Xi, Y, Davis, RJ. Influence of water on the activity and stability of activated Mg‐Al hydrotalcites for the transesterification of tributyrin with methanol. J Catal 2008, 254:190–197.
Antunes, WM, Veloso, CdO, Henriques, CA. Transesterification of soybean oil with methanol catalyzed by basic solids. Catal Today 2008, 133–135:548–554.
Kondamudi, N, Mohapatra, SK, Misra, M. Quintinite as a bifunctional heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel synthesis. Appl Catal A: Gen 2011, 393:36–43.
Guerreiro, L, Pereira, PM, Fonseca, IM, Martin‐Aranda, RM, Ramos, AM, Dias, JML, Oliveira, R, Vital, J. PVA embedded hydrotalcite membranes as basic catalysts for biodiesel synthesis by soybean oil methanolysis. Catal Today 2010, 156:191–197.
Wang, Y‐B, Jehng, J‐M. Hydrotalcite‐like compounds containing transition metals as solid base catalysts for transesterification. Chem Eng J 2001, 175:548–554.
Barakos, N, Pasias, S, Papayannakos, N. Transesterification of triglycerides in high and low quality oil feeds over an HT2 hydrotalcite catalyst. Bioresour Technol 2008, 99:5037–5042.
Jacobson, K, Gopinath, R, Meher, LC, Dalai, AK. Solid acid catalyzed biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. Appl Catal B: Environ 2008, 85:86–91.
de Almeida, RM, Node, LK, Goncalves, NS, Meneghetti, SMP, Meneghetti, MR. Transesterification reaction of vegetable oils, using superacid sulfated TiO₂‐base catalysts. Appl Catal A: Gen 2008, 347:100–105.
Pasias, S, Barakos, N, Alexopoulos, C, Papayannakos, N. Heterogeneously catalyzed esterification of FFAs in vegetable oils. Chem Eng Technol 2006, 29:1365–1371.
Heidekum, A, Harmer, MA, Hoelderich, WF. Addition of carboxylic acids to cyclic olefins catalyzed by strong acidic ion‐exchange resins. J Catal 1999, 181:217–222.
Dos Reis, SCM, Lachter, ER, Nascimento, RSV, Rodrigues, Jr. JA, Reid, MG. Transesterification of Brazilian vegetable oils with methanol over ion‐exchange resins. J Am Oil Chem Soc 2005, 82:661–665.
Lam, MK, Lee, KT, Mohamed, AR. Homogeneous, heterogeneous and enzymatic catalysis for transesterification of high free fatty acid oil (waste cooking oil) to biodiesel: a review. Biotechnol Adv 2010, 28:500–518.
Chen, H, Peng, B, Wang, D, Wang, J. Biodiesel production by the transesterification of cotton seed oil by solid acid catalysts. Front Chem Eng Chin 2007, 1:11–15.
Peng, B‐X, Shu, Q, Wang, J‐F, Wang, G‐R, Wnag, D‐Z, Han, M‐H. Biodiesel production from waste oil feedstocks by solid acid catalysis. Process Saf Environ Protect 2008, 86:441–447.
Parvulescu, V, Coman, S, Parvulescu, VI, Grange, P, Poncelet, G. Reaction of hexane, cyclohexane, and methylcyclopentane over gallium‐, indium‐, and thallium‐promoted sulfated zirconia catalysts. J Catal 1998, 180:66–84.
Lopez, DE, Goodwin, Jr JG, Bruce, DA, Furuta, S. Esterification and transesterification using modified‐zirconia catalysts. Appl Catal A: Gen 2008, 339:76–83.
Park, Y‐M, Lee, D‐W, Kim, D‐K, Lee, J‐S, Lee, K‐Y. The heterogeneous catalyst system for the continuous conversion of free fatty acids in used vegetable oils for the production of biodiesel. Catal Today 2008, 131:238–243.
Suwannakarn, K, Lotero, E, Goodwin, Jr JG, Lu, C. Stability of sulfated zirconia and the nature of the catalytically active species in the transesterification of triglycerides. J Catal 2008, 255:279–286.
Omota, F, Dimian, AC, Bliek, A. Fatty acid esterification by reactive distillation: Part 2 kinetics‐based design for sulphated zirconia catalysts. Chem Eng Sci 2003, 58:3175–3185.
Corma, A, Garcia, H. Organic reactions catalyzed over solid acids. Catal Today 1997, 38:257–308.
Okuhara, T. Water‐tolerant solid acid catalysts. Chem Rev 2002, 102:3641–3666.
Kiss, AA, Dimian, AC, Rothenberg, G. Solid acid catalysts for biodiesel production‐towards sustainable energy. Adv Synth Catal 2006, 348:75–81.
Chung, KH, Chang, DR, Park, BG. Removal of free fatty acid in waste frying oil by esterification with methanol on zeolites catalysts. Bioresour Technol 2008, 99:7438–7443.
Gog, A, Roman, M, Tosa, M, Paizs, C, Irimie, FD. Biodiesel production using enzymatic transesterification—current state and perspectives. Renew Energy 2012, 39:10–16.
Kumari, A, Mahapatra, P, Garlapati, VK, Banerjee, R. Enzymatic transesterification of Jatropha oil. Biotechnol Biofuels 2009, 2:1.
Mittelbach, M. Lipase‐catalyzed alcoholysis of sunflower oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc 1990, 67:168–170.
Du, W, Xu, YY, Liu, DH, Zeng, J. Comparative study on lipase‐catalyzed transesterification of soybean oil for biodiesel production with different acyl acceptors. J Mol Catal B Enzym 2004, 30:125–129.
Nelson, L, Foglia, T, Marmer, W. Lipase‐catalyzed production of biodiesel. J Am Oil Chem Soc 1996, 73:1191–1195.
Chen, JW, Wu, WT. Regeneration of immobilized Candida Antarctica lipase for transesterification. J Biosci Bioeng 2003, 95:466–469.
Dossat, V, Combes, D, Marty, A. Continuous enzymatic transesterification of high oleic sunflower oil in a packed bed reactor: influence of the glycerol production. Enzym Microb Technol 1999, 25: 194–200.
Diasakou, M, Louloudi, A, Papayannakos, N. Kinetics of the non‐catalytic transesterification of soybean oil. Fuel 1998, 77:1297–1302.
Pasias, SA, Barakos, NK, Papayannakos, NG. Catalytic effect of free fatty acids on cotton seed oil thermal transesterification. Ind Eng Chem Res 2009, 487:4266–4273.
Kusdiana, D, Saka, S. Kinetics of transesterification in rapeseed oil to biodiesel fuel as treated in supercritical methanol. Fuel 2001, 80:693–698.
Saka, S, Dadan, K. Biodiesel fuel from rapeseed oil as prepared in supercritical methanol. Fuel 2001, 80:80–225.
Donnis, B, Egeberg, RG, Blom, P, Knudsen, KG. Hydroprocessing of bio‐oils and oxygenates to hydrocarbons. Understanding the reaction routes. Top Catal 2009, 52:229–240.
Honeywell. Available at: http://honeywell.com/News/Pages/news36.aspx (Accessed July 1, 2012).
UOP. Available at: http://www.uop.com/honeywell‐green‐diesel‐produced‐biofeedstocks‐facility (Accessed July 1, 2012).
Neste oil. Available at: http://www.nesteoil.com/default.asp?path=1,41,537,2397 (Accessed July 1, 2012).
Vonortas, A, Templis, Ch, Papayannakos, N. Effect of palm oil content on deep HDS of gas oil‐palm oil mixtures. Energy Fuels 2012, 26:3856–3863.
Sebos, I, Matsoukas, A, Apostolopoulos, V, Papayannakos, N. Catalytic hydroprocessing of cottonseed oil in petroleum diesel mixtures for production of renewable diesel. Fuel 2009, 88:145–149.
Simacek, P, Kubicka, D, Sebor, G, Pospisil, M. Fuel properties of hydroprocessed rapeseed oil. Fuel 2010, 89:611–615.
Simacek, P, Kubicka, D. Hydrocracking of petroleum vacuum distillate containing rapeseed oil: evaluation of diesel fuel. Fuel 2010, 89:1508–1513.
Senol, OI, Viljava, T‐R, Krause, AOI. Hydrodeoxygenation of methyl esters on sulphided NiMo/γ‐Al₂O₃ and CoMo/γ‐Al₂O₃ catalysts. Catal Today 2005, 100:331–335.
Senol, OI, Viljava, T‐R, Krause, AOI. Hydrodeoxygenation of aliphatic esters on sulphided NiMo/γ‐Al₂O₃ and CoMo/γ‐Al₂O₃ catalyst: the effect of water. Catal Today 2005, 106:186–189.
Senol, OI, Ryymin, E‐M, Viljava, T‐R, Krause, AOI. Reactions of methyl heptanoate hydrodeoxygenation on sulphided catalysts. J Mol Catal A: Chem 2007, 268:1–8.
Senol, OI, Ryymin, E‐M, Viljava, T‐R, Krause, AOI. Effect of hydrogen sulphide on the hydrodeoxygenation of aromatic and aliphatic oxygenates on sulphided catalysts. J Mol Catal A: Chem 2007, 277:107–112.
Kubickova, I, Snare, M, Eranen, K, Maki‐Arvela, P, Murzin, DY. Hydrocarbons for diesel fuel via decarboxylation of vegetable oils. Catal Today 2005, 106:197–200.
Snare, M, Kubickova, I, Maki‐Arvela, P, Eranen, K, Murzin, DY. Heterogeneous catalytic deoxygenation of stearic acid for production of biodiesel. Ind Eng Chem Res 2006, 45:5708–5715.
Snare, M, Kubickova, I, Maki‐Arvela, P, Eranen, K, Warna, J, Murzin, DY. Production of diesel fuel from renewable feeds: kinetics of ethyl stearate decarboxylation. Chem Eng J 2007, 134:29–34.
Maki‐Arvela, P, Kubickova, I, Snare, M, Eranen, K, Murzin, DY. Catalytic deoxygenation of fatty acids and their derivatives. Energy Fuels 2007, 21:30–41.
Madsen, AT, Ahmed, EH, Christensen, CH, Fehrmann, R, Riisager, A. Hydrodeoxygenation of waste fat for diesel production: study on model feed with Pt/alumina catalyst. Fuel 2011, 90:3433–3438.
Simacek, P, Kubicka, D, Sebor, G, Pospisil, M. Hydroprocessed rapeseed oil as a source of hydrocarbon‐based biodiesel. Fuel 2009, 88:456–460.
Huber, GW, O`Connor, P, Corma, A. Processing biomass in conventional oil refineries: production of high quality diesel by hydrotreating vegetable oils in heavy vacuum oil mixtures. Appl Catal A: Gen 2007, 329:120–129.
Guzman, A, Torres, JE, Prada, LP, Nunez, ML. Hydroprocessing of crude palm oil at pilot plant scale. Catal Today 2010, 156:38–43.
Toba, M, Abe, Y, Kuramochi, H, Osako, M, Mochizuki, T, Yoshimura, Y. Hydrodeoxygenation of waste vegetable oil over sulfide catalysts. Catal Today 2011, 164:533–537.
Nava, R, Pawelec, B, Castano, P, Alvarez‐Galvan, MC, Loricera, CV, Fierro, JLG. Upgrading of bio‐liquids on different mesoporous silica‐supported CoMo catalysts. Appl Catal B: Environ 2009, 92:154–167.
Lima, DG, Soares, VCD, Ribeiro, EB, Carvalho, DA, Cardoso, ECV, Rassi, FC, Mundim, KC, Rubim, JC, Suarez, PAZ. Diesel‐like fuel obtained by pyrolysis of vegetable oils. J Anal Appl Pyrol 2004, 71:987–996.
Hancsok, J, Krar, M, Magyar, S, Boda, L, Hollo, A, Kallo, D. Investigation of the production of high cetane number bio gas oil from pre‐hydrogenated vegetable oils over Pt/HZSM‐22/Al₂O₃. Micropor Mesopor Mater 2007, 101:148–152.
Kikhtyanin, OV, Rubanov, AE, Ayupov, AB, Echevsky, GV. Hydroconversion of sunflower oil on Pd/SAPO‐31 catalyst. Fuel 2010, 89:3085–3092.
Yakovlev, VA, Khromova, SA, Sherstyuk, OV, Dundich, VO, Ermakov, DY, Novopashina, VM, Lebedev, MY, Bulavchenko, O, Parmon, VN. Development of new catalytic systems for upgraded bio‐fuels production from bio‐crude‐oil and biodiesel. Catal Today 2009, 144:362–366.
Bezergianni, S, Kalogianni, A, Vasalos, IA. Hydrocracking of vacuum gas oil–vegetable oil mixtures for biofuels production. Bioresour Technol 2009, 100:3036–3042.
Templis, C, Vonortas, A, Sebos, I, Papayannakos, N. Vegetable oil effect on gasoil HDS in their catalytic co‐hydroprocessing. Appl Catal B: Environ 2011, 104:324–329.
Walendziewski, J, Stolarski, M, Luzny, R, Klimek, B. Hydroprocessing of light gas oil‐rape oil mixtures. Fuel Process Technol 2009, 90:686–691.

Author Notes

This WIREs Energy and Environment article includes this figure from the table of contents:

Access to this WIREs title is by subscription only.

Recommend to Your
Librarian Now!

The latest WIREs articles in your inbox

Sign Up for Article Alerts