Available at: http://gwec.net/wp‐content/uploads/2012/06/Annual_report_2011_lowres.pdf. (Accessed March 28, 2013).
Van der Hoven, I. Power spectrum of horizontal wind speed in the frequency range from 0.0007 to 900 cycles per hour. J Meteorol 1957, 14:160–164.
Smedman‐Högström, A‐S, Högström, U. Spectral gap in surface‐layer measurements. J Atmos Sci 1975, 32:340–350.
Lovejoy, S, Schertzer, D, Stanway, JD. Direct evidence of multifractal atmospheric cascades from planetary scales down to 1 km. Phys Rev Lett 2001, 86:5200–5203.
Böttcher, F, Barth, S, Peinke, J. Small and large scale fluctuations in atmospheric wind speeds. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess 2007, 21:299–308.
Laubrich, T, Kantz, H. Statistical analysis and stochastic modelling of boundary layer wind speed. Eur Phys J 2009, 174:197–206.
Pryor, SC, Barthelmie, RJ, Schoof, JT. The impact of non‐stationarities in the climate system on the definition of ‘a normal wind year’: a case study from the Baltic. Int J Climatol 2005, 25:735–752.
Burton, T, Sharpe, D, Jenkins, N, Bossanyi, E. Wind Energy Handbook. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons Ltd; 2001 ISBN 0‐471‐48997‐2.
Garcia, A, Torresa, JL, Prietoa, E, de Francisco, A. Fitting wind speed distributions a case study. Solar Energy 1998, 62:139–144.
Rehman, S, Halawani, TO, Husain, T. Weibull parameters for wind speed distribution in Saudi Arabia. Solar Energy 1994, 53:473–479.
Celik, AN. Energy output estimation for small‐scale wind power generators using Weibull‐representative wind data. J Wind Eng Ind Aerod 2003, 91:693–707.
He, Y, Monahan, AH, Jones, CG, Dai, A, Biner, S, Caya, D, Winger, K. Probability distributions of land surface wind speeds over North America. J Geophys Res 2010, 115:D04103.
Monahan, AH, He, Y. The probability distribution of land surface wind speeds. J Climate 2011, 24:3892–3909.
Monahan, AH. The probability distribution of sea surface wind speeds. Part I: theory and sea winds observations. J Climate 2006, 19:497–520.
Monahan, AH. The probability distribution of sea surface wind speeds. Part II: Dataset intercomparison and seasonal variability. J Climate 2006, 19:521–534.
Bauer, E. Characteristic frequency distributions of remotely sensed in situ and modelled wind speeds. Int J Climatol 1996, 16:1087–1102.
Kozai, K, Ohsawa, T, Takahashi, R, Takeyama, Y. Evaluation method for offshore wind energy resources using scatterometer and Weibull parameters. J Energy Power Eng 2012, 6:1772–1778.
Karagali, I, Peña, A, Badger, M and Hasager, CB. Wind characteristics in the North and Baltic Seas from the QuikSCAT satellite. Wind Energy. In press. doi:10.1002/we.1565.
Coelingh, JP, van Wijk, AJM, Holtslag, AAM. Analysis of wind speed observations over the North Sea. J Wind Eng Ind Aerod 1996, 61:51–69.
Jamil, M, Parsa, S, Majidi, M. Wind power statistics and an evaluation of wind energy density. Renew Energy 1995, 6:623–628.
Carta, JA, Ramírez, P, Velázquez, S. A review of wind speed probability distributions used in wind energy analysis: case studies in the Canary Islands. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2009, 13:933–955.
Deaves, DM, Lines, IG. On the fitting of low mean windspeed data to the Weibull distribution. J Wind Eng Ind Aerod 1997, 66:169–178.
Carta, JA, Ramírez, P. Analysis of two‐component mixture Weibull statistics for estimation of wind speed distributions. Renew Energy 2007, 2007:518–531.
Jaramillo, OA, Borja, MA. Wind speed analysis in La Ventosa, Mexico: a bimodal probability distribution case. Renew Energy 2004, 29:1613–1630.
Carta, JA, Ramirez, P. Use of finite mixture distribution models in the analysis of wind energy in the Canarian Archipelago. Energy Convers Manage 2007, 48:281–291.
McVicar, TR, Roderick, ML, Donohue, RJ, Li, LT, Van Niel, TG, Thomas, A, Grieser, J, Jhajharia, D, Himri, Y, Mahowald, NM, et al. Global review and synthesis of trends in observed terrestrial near‐surface: implications for evaporation. J Hydrol 2012, 416–417:182–205.
Greene, S, Morrissey, M, Johnson, SE. Wind climatology, climate change, and wind energy. Geogr Compass 2010, 4/11:1592–1605.
Vautard, R, Cattiaux, J, Yiou, P, Thépaut, J‐N, Ciais, P. Northern Hemisphere atmospheric stilling partly attributed to an increase in surface roughness. Nat Geosci 2010, 3:756–761.
Watson, S J and Kritharas, P. Long term wind speed variability in the UK. Proceedings of European Wind Energy Association Annual Event 2012, Copenhagen, 16th – 19th April 2012.
Früh, W‐G. Long‐term wind resource and uncertainty estimation using wind records from Scotland as example. Renew Energy 2013, 50:1014–1026.
Bakker, AMR, van den Hurk, BJJM. Estimation of persistence and trends in geostrophic wind speed for the assessment of wind energy yields in Northwest Europe. Climate Dynam 2012, 39:767–782.
Bärring, L, Fortuniak, K. Multi‐indices analysis of southern Scandinavian storminess 1780–2005 and links to interdecadal variations in the NW Europe–North Sea region. Int J Climatol 2009, 29:373–384.
Wang, XL, Zwiers, FW, Swail, VR, Feng, Y. Trends and variability of storminess in the Northeast Atlantic region, 1874–2007. Climate Dynam 2009, 33:1179–1195.
Palutikof, JP, Guo, X, Halliday, JA. Climate variability and the UK wind resource. J Wind Eng Ind Aerod 1992, 39:243–249.
Brayshaw, DJ, Troccoli, A, Fordham, R, Methven, J. The impact of large scale atmospheric circulation patterns on wind power generation and its potential predictability: a case study over the UK. Renew Energy 2011, 36:2087–2096.
Atkinson, N, Harman, K, Lynn, M, Schwarz, A and Tindal, A. Long‐term wind speed trends in northwestern Europe. Proceedings of the BWEA28 Conference, Glasgow, October 2006 [Internet]. Available at: http://www.gl‐garradhassan.com/assets/downloads/Long_term_wind_speed_trends_in_northwestern_Europe.pdf. (Accessed February 22, 2013).
Kalney, E et al. The NCEP/NCAR 40‐year reanalysis project. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 1997, 77:437–471.
Uppala, SM et al. ERA‐40 re‐analysis. Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 2005, 131:2961–3012.
Pryor, SC, Barthelmie, RJ. Long‐term trends in near‐surface flow over the Baltic. Int J Climatol 2003, 23:271–289.
McVicar, TR, Van Niel, TG, Roderick, ML, Li, LT, Mo, XG, Zimmerman, NE, Schmatz, DR. Observational evidence from two mountainous regions that near surface wind speeds are declining more rapidly at higher elevations than lower elevations: 1960–2006. Geophys Res Lett 2010, 37:L06402.1–L06402.6.
Kiss, P, Varga, L, Jánosi, IM. Comparison of wind power estimates from the ECMWF reanalyses with direct turbine measurements. J Renew Sustain Energy 2009, 1:033105 11 pp.
Rienecker, MM et al. MERRA – NASA`s Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research Applications. J Climate 2011, 24:3624–3648.
Gunturu, UB, Schlosser, CA. Characterization of wind power resource in the United States. Atmos Chem Phys 2012, 12:9687–9702.
Mearns, LO, Gutowski, W, Jones, R, Leung, R, McGinnis, S, Nunes, A and Qian, Y. A regional climate change assessment program for North America. EOS 2009, 90:311–312.
Greene, SJ, Chatelain, M, Morrissey, M, Stadler, S. Estimated changes in wind speed and wind power density over the western High Plains, 1971–2000. Theor Appl Climatol 2012, 109:507–518.
Mesinger, F et al. North American reanalysis. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 2006, 87:343–360.
Holt, E, Wang, J. Trends in wind speed at wind turbine height of 80 m over the contiguous United States using the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR). J Appl Meteorol Climatol 2012, 51:2188–2202.
Li, X, Zhong, S, Bian, X, Heilman, WE. Climate and climate variability of the wind power resources in the Great Lakes region of the United States. J Geophys Res 2010, 115:D18107.
IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios. 2000. Available at: http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/. (Accessed March 26, 2013).
Solomon, S, Qin, D, Manning, M, Chen, Z, Marquis, M, Averyt, KB, Tignor, M, Miller, HL, eds. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007. Cambridge, UK and New York: Cambridge University Press. Available at: http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/contents.html. (Accessed March 26, 2013).
Pryor, SC, Barthelmie, RJ. Climate change impacts on wind energy: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2010, 14:430–437.
Harrison, GP, Cradden, LC, Chick, JP. Preliminary assessment of climate change impacts on the UK onshore wind energy resource. Energy Source Part A 2008, 30:1286–1299.
Roeckner, E, Arpe, K, Bengsson, L, Christoph, M, Claussen, M, Duemenil, L, Esch, M, Giorgetta, M, Schlese, U, Schulzweida, U, Giorgetta, M, Schlese, U. The atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM‐4: model description and simulation of present‐day‐climate. Report No. 218, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany, 1996.
Roeckner, E, Bauml, G, Bonaventura, L, Brokopf, R, Esch, M, Giorgetta, M, Hagemannn, S, Kirchner, I, Kornblueh, L, Manzini, E, Rhodin, A, Schlese, U, Schulzweida, U, Tompkins, A. The atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM5 part I: model description. Report No. 349, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany, 2003.
Nolan, P, Lynch, P, McGrath, R, Semmler, T, Wang, S. Simulating climate change and its effects on the wind energy resource of Ireland. Wind Energy 2012, 15:593–608.
Najac, J, Boé, J, Terray, L. A multi‐model ensemble approach for assessment of climate change impact on surface winds in France. Climate Dynam 2009, 32:615–634.
Najac, J, Lac, C, Terray, L. Impact of climate change on surface winds in France using a statistical‐dynamical downscaling method with mesoscale modelling. Int J Climatol 2011, 31:415–430.
Breslow, PB, Sailor, DJ. Vulnerability of wind power resources to climate change in the continental United States. Renew Energy 2002, 27:585–598.
Rasmussen, DJ, Holloway, T, Nemet, GF. Opportunities and challenges in assessing climate change impacts on wind energy—a critical comparison of wind speed projections in California. Environ Res Lett 2011, 6:024008 9 pp.
Sailor, DJ, Smith, M, Hart, M. Climate change implications for wind power resources in the Northwest United States. Renew Energy 2008, 33:2393–2406.
Pryor, SC, Barthelmie, RJ. Assessing climate change impacts on the near‐term stability of the wind energy resource over the United States. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011, 108:8167–8171.
Pereira de Lucena, AF, Szklo, AS, Schaeffer, R, Dutra, RM. The vulnerability of wind power to climate change in Brazil. Renew Energy 2010, 35:904–912.
Angeles, ME, González, JE, Erickson, DJ, Hernández, JL. The impacts of climate changes on the renewable energy resources in the Caribbean region. Trans ASME: J Sol Energy Eng 2010, 132:031009, 13 pp.
Grubb, M, Butler, L, Twomey, P. Diversity and security in UK electricity generation: the influence of low‐carbon objectives. Energy Policy 2006, 34:4050–4062.
Angarita‐Márquez, JL, Hernandez‐Aramburo, CA, Usaola‐Garcia, J. Analysis of a wind farm`s revenue in the British and Spanish markets. Energy Policy 2007, 35:5051–5059.
Swider, DJ, Beurskens, L, Davidson, S, Twidell, J, Pyrko, J, Prüggler, W, Auer, H, Vertin, K, Skema, R. Conditions and costs for renewables electricity grid connection: Examples in Europe. Renew Energy 2008, 33:1832–1842.
Dale, L, Milborrow, D, Slarkc, R, Strbac, G. Total cost estimates for large scale wind scenarios in UK. Energy Policy 2004, 32:1945–1956.
Holttinen, H. Handling of wind power forecast errors in the Nordic power market. Proceedings of Probabilistic Methods Applied to Power Systems 2006, Stockholm, Sweden 11–15 June 2006.
Holttinen, H. et al. Design and operation of power systems with large amounts of wind power. Final Report, IEA WIND Task 25. Phase one 2006–2008. ISBN 978‐951‐38‐7308‐0, published by VTT, Technical Research Centre of Finland. Available at: http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/tiedotteet/2009/T2493.pdf. (Accessed March 28, 2013).
Chang, J, Ummels, BC, van Sark, WGJHM, den Rooijen, HPGM, Kling, WL. Economic evaluation of offshore wind power in the liberalized Dutch power market. Wind Energy 2009, 12:507–523.
Hartnell, G. Wind on The System—Grid Integration of Wind Power. Renewable Energy World. London: James and James (Science Publishers) Ltd.; 2000.
Purvins, A, Zubaryeva, A, Llorente, M, Tzimas, E, Mercier, A. Challenges and options for a large wind power uptake by the European electricity system. Appl Energy 2011, 88:1461–1469.
Degeilh, Y, Singh, C. A quantitative approach to wind farm diversification and reliability. Electric Power Energy Syst 2011, 33:303–314.
Caralis, G, Perivolaris, Y, Rados, K, Zervos, A. On the effect of spatial dispersion of wind power plants on the wind energy capacity credit in Greece. Environ Res Lett 2008, 3:015003, 13 pp.
Drake, B, Hubacek, K. What to expect from a greater geographic dispersion of wind farms?—A risk portfolio approach. Energy Policy 2007, 35:3999–4008.
Katzenstein, W, Fertig, E, Apt, J. The variability of interconnected wind plants. Energy Policy 2010, 38:4400–4410.
Pestana, R. Dealing with limited connections and large installation rates in Portugal. The 2nd Workshop on Best Practice in the Use of Short‐term Forecasting, Madrid, Spain, 28 May 2008. Available at: http://powwow.risoe.dk/publ/RPestana_(REN)‐DealingWLimitedConnALargeInstallRatesInPT_BestPracticeSTP‐2_2008.pdf. (Accessed July 9, 2013).
Giebel, G. On the benefits of distributed generation of wind energy in Europe. PhD Dissertation, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, 2000, (104). Available at: http://www.drgiebel.de/GGiebel_DistributedWindEnergyInEurope.pdf. (Accessed March 28, 2013).
Fertig, E, Apt, J, Jaramillo, P, Katzenstein, W. The effect of long‐distance interconnection on wind power variability. Environ Res Lett 2012, 7:034017 6.
Kempton, W, Pimenta, FM, Veron, DE, Colle, BA. Electric power from offshore wind via synoptic‐scale interconnection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010, 107:7240–7245.
Hasche, B. General statistics of geographically dispersed wind power. Wind Energy 2010, 13:773–784.
Kiss, P, Jánosi, IM. Limitations of wind power availability over Europe: a conceptual study. Nonlinear Processes Geophys 2008, 15:803–813.
Pryor, SC, Barthelmie, RJ, Schoof, JT. Inter‐annual variability of wind indices across Europe. Wind Energy 2006, 9:27–38.
Fusco, F, Nolan, G, Ringwood, JV. Variability reduction through optimal combination of wind/wave resources – An Irish case study. Energy 2010, 35:314–325.
Stoutenburg, ED, Jenkins, N, Jacobson, MZ. Power output variations of co‐located offshore wind turbines and wave energy converters in California. Renew Energy 2010, 35:2781–2791.
Lund, H. Large‐scale integration of optimal combinations of PV, wind and wave power into the electricity supply. Renew Energy 2006, 31:503–515.