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Predicting land surface temperature with geographically weighed regression and deep learning

Focus Article

Wenliang Jiang, Qing Wei, Weiping Deng, Dehe Yang, Hongfei Jia

Published Online: Nov 03 2020

DOI: 10.1002/widm.1396

Full article on Wiley Online Library: HTML PDF

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Abstract For prediction of urban remote sensing surface temperature, cloud, cloud shadow and snow contamination lead to the failure of surface temperature inversion and vegetation‐related index calculation. A time series prediction framework of urban surface temperature under cloud interference is proposed in this paper. This is helpful to solve the problem of the impact of data loss on surface temperature prediction. Spatial and temporal variation trends of surface temperature and vegetation index are analyzed using Landsat 7/8 remote sensing data of 2010 to 2019 from Beijing. The geographically weighed regression (GWR) method is used to realize the simulation of surface temperature based on the current date. The deep learning prediction network based on convolution and long short‐term memory (LSTM) networks was constructed to predict the spatial distribution of surface temperature on the next observation date. The time series analysis shows that the NDBI is less than −0.2, which indicates that there may be cloud contamination. The land surface temperature (LST) modeling results show that the precision of estimation using GWR method on impervious surface and water bodies is superior compared to the vegetation area. For LST prediction using deep learning methods, the result of the prediction on surface temperature space distribution was relatively good. The purpose of this study is to make up for the missing data affected by cloud, snow, and other interference factors, and to be applied to the prediction of the spatial and temporal distributions of LST. This article is categorized under: Technologies > Machine Learning

Study area in Beijing. (a) Jiufeng Forest Park, (b) the Imperial Palace, (c) Huairou Reservoir

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Training and validation process

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Cross check through random method

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Similarity and difference evaluation of prediction

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Land surface temperature (LST) prediction at the Imperial Palace using conv2DLSTM

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Relations between NDBI, NDVI, NDWI, and land surface temperature (LST) for all years at the Imperial Palace

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Land surface temperature (LST) analysis results obtained using geographically weighed regression (GWR) and ordinary least squares (OLS) at Imperial Palace on January 04, 2010

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Land surface temperature (LST) predicted using geographically weighed regression (GWR) in a pixel level

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Temporal and spatial difference of land surface temperature (LST) between different seasons in Beijing

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Remote sensing indices extracted from Landsat observed at Jiufeng forest park between 2010 and 2019. (a) Year‐wise box plot for Normalized Difference Vegetation Index at Jiufeng forest park. (b) Month‐wise box plot for Normalized Difference Vegetation Index at Jiufeng forest park; (c) Year‐wise box plot for Normalized Difference Water Index at Huairou reservoir. (d) Month‐wise box plot for Normalized Difference Water Index at Huairou reservoir. (e) Year‐wise box plot for Normalized Difference Built‐up Index at Imperial Palace. (f) Month‐wise box plot for Normalized Difference Built‐up Index at Imperial Palace

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Structure of conv2DLSTM. The Model 1, Model 2, and Model 3 are defined as S1, S2, and S3, respectively. If not specified, the model used in this paper is the S1 model

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Structure of long short‐term memory (LSTM)

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Flow diagram of spatial–temporal analysis for the Landsat data

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