How to cite this WIREs title:
WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol

Impact Factor: 7.689

Biomolecular motors in nanoscale materials, devices, and systems

Advanced Review

George D. Bachand, Nathan F. Bouxsein, Virginia VanDelinder, Marlene Bachand

Published Online: Dec 11 2013

DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1252

Full article on Wiley Online Library: HTML PDF

Can't access this content? Tell your librarian.

Biomolecular motors are a unique class of intracellular proteins that are fundamental to a considerable number of physiological functions such as DNA replication, organelle trafficking, and cell division. The efficient transformation of chemical energy into useful work by these proteins provides strong motivation for their utilization as nanoscale actuators in ex vivo, meso‐ and macro‐scale hybrid systems. Biomolecular motors involved in cytoskeletal transport are quite attractive models within this context due to their ability to direct the transport of nano‐/micro‐scale objects at rates significantly greater than diffusion, and in the absence of bulk fluid flow. As in living organisms, biomolecular motors involved in cytoskeletal transport (i.e., kinesin, dynein, and myosin) function outside of their native environment to dissipatively self‐assemble biological, biomimetic, and hybrid nanostructures that exhibit nonequilibrium behaviors such as self‐healing. These systems also provide nanofluidic transport function in hybrid nanodevices where target analytes are actively captured, sorted, and transported for autonomous sensing and analytical applications. Moving forward, the implementation of biomolecular motors will continue to enable a wide range of unique functionalities that are presently limited to living systems, and support the development of nanoscale systems for addressing critical engineering challenges. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology

This WIREs title offers downloadable PowerPoint presentations of figures for non-profit, educational use, provided the content is not modified and full credit is given to the author and publication.

Download a PowerPoint presentation of all images

Artistic representation of the structures of (a) myosin II and (b) kinesin‐1 biomolecular motors.

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

Multiplexed capture and bidirectional transport of two different analytes using kinesin and dynein motors moving along arrays of MT tracks. (Reprinted with permission from Ref . Copyright 2013 American Chemical Society)

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

Example of a sandwich‐based approach for analyte capture, labeling, and detection using kinesin‐directed transport of MTs in a micro‐patterned device. (Reprinted with permission from Ref . Copyright 2009 Nature Publishing)

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

(a, b) Active steering of kinesin‐transported MTs may be achieved using heat from gold electrodes to control the phase transition of the thermo‐responsive polymer PNIPAM, which in turn regulates access to kinesin motors in the different paths. (c) Trajectory traces of MTs moving through a junction based on the conformation of PNIPAM at this intersection. (Reprinted with permission from Ref . Copyright 2013 American Chemical Society)

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

(a) Fluorescence photomicrograph of a lipid network extracted from kinesin motor‐functionalized vesicles as they move along surface‐adhered MTs (not visible). Scale bar = 10 µm. (Reprinted with permission from Ref . Copyright 2003 National Academy of Sciences, USA) (b) Fluorescence photomicrograph showing a highly bifurcate lipid nanotube network (red) formed by the transport of MTs by surface‐adsorbed kinesin motors. Scale bar = 25 µm.

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

Proposed mechanism for the biomolecular motor‐driven self‐assembly of nanocomposite rings consisting of biotinylated MT filaments and streptavidin‐coated nanoparticles. (Reprinted with permission from Ref . Copyright 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

(a) Schematic representation of motor‐driven, self‐assembled MT bundles. (b) Fluorescence photomicrographs of MTs bundles exhibiting wave‐like beating patterns that are similar to that observed for isolated axonemes. (Reprinted with permission from Ref . Copyright 2011 AAAS)

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

Self‐assembly of complex MT structures based on the interactions between MTs and multimeric complexes of two different kinesin motor proteins. (Reprinted with permission from Ref . Copyright 2001 AAAS)

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

Schematic representation of the inverted (gliding) motility assays in which kinesin motors are adsorbed to a substrate, and support the transport of MT filaments across a surface. MTs, in turn, may be functionalized with receptors to enable the attachment and transport of both biotic and abiotic cargoes.

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

References

Alberts, B, Johnson, A, Lewis, J, Raff, M, Roberts, K, Walter, P. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 5th ed. New York, NY: Garland Science; 2008.
Hirokawa, N, Noda, Y, Tanaka, Y, Niwa, S. Kinesin superfamily motor proteins and intracellular transport. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2009, 10:682–696.
Sweeney, HL, Houdusse, A. Structural and functional insights into the myosin motor mechanism. Annu Rev Biophys 2010, 39:539–557.
Soong, RK, Bachand, GD, Neves, HP, Olkhovets, AG, Craighead, HG, Montemagno, CD. Powering an inorganic nanodevice with a biomolecular motor. Science 2000, 290:1555–1558.
Dennis, JR, Howard, J, Vogel, V. Molecular shuttles: directed motion of microtubules along nanoscale kinesin tracks. Nanotechnology 1999, 10:232–236.
Sahu, S, LaBean, TH, Reif, JH. A DNA nanotransport device powered by polymerase phi 29. Nano Lett 2008, 8:3870–3878.
Prasad, M, Roy, S. Optoelectronic logic gates based on photovoltaic response of bacteriorhodopsin polymer composite thin films. IEEE Trans Nanobiosci 2012, 11:410–420.
York, J, Spetzler, D, Xiong, FS, Frasch, WD. Single‐molecule detection of DNA via sequence‐specific links between F‐1‐ATPase motors and gold nanorod sensors. Lab Chip 2008, 8:415–419.
Kojima, M, Zhang, ZH, Nakajima, M, Fukuda, T. High efficiency motility of bacteria‐driven liposome with raft domain binding method. Biomed Microdevices 2012, 14:1027–1032.
Howard, J. Mechanics of Motor Proteins and the Cytoskeleton. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc.; 2001.
Korten, T, Mansson, A, Diez, S. Towards the application of cytoskeletal motor proteins in molecular detection and diagnostic devices. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2010, 21:477–488.
Piazzesi, G, Reconditi, M, Linari, M, Lucii, L, Bianco, P, Brunello, E, Decostre, V, Stewart, A, Gore, DB, Irving, TC, et al. Skeletal muscle performance determined by modulation of number of myosin motors rather than motor force or stroke size. Cell 2007, 131:784–795.
Cappello, G, Pierobon, P, Symonds, C, Busoni, L, Gebhardt, JCM, Rief, M, Prost, J. Myosin V stepping mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007, 104:15328–15333.
Howard, J. Mechanics of Motor Proteins and the Cytoskeleton. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Press, Inc.; 2001.
Hawkins, T, Mirigian, M, Yasar, MS, Ross, JL. Mechanics of microtubules. J Biomech 2010, 43:23–30.
Asbury, CL, Fehr, AN, Block, SM. Kinesin moves by an asymmetric hand‐over‐hand mechanism. Science 2003, 302:2130–2134.
Asbury, CL. Kinesin: world`s tiniest biped. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2005, 17:89–97.
Redwine, WB, Hernandez‐Lopez, R, Zou, S, Huang, J, Reck‐Peterson, SL, Leschziner, AE. Structural basis for microtubule binding and release by dynein. Science 2012, 337:1532–1536.
Reck‐Peterson, SL, Vale, RD, Gennerich, A. Motile properties of cytoplasmic dynein. In: Hirose K, Amos LA, eds. Handbook of Dynein. Singapore: Pan Stanford Publishing; 2012, 145–172.
Lieber, CM. Nanoscale science and technology: building a big future from small things. MRS Bull 2003, 28:486–491.
Fialkowski, M, Bishop, KJM, Klajn, R, Smoukov, SK, Campbell, CJ, Grzybowski, BA. Principles and implementations of dissipative (dynamic) self‐assembly. J Phys Chem B 2006, 110:2482–2496.
Hess, H. Self‐assembly driven by molecular motors. Soft Matter 2006, 2:669–677.
Hess, H, Bachand, GD, Vogel, V. Powering nanodevices with biomolecular motors. Chem A Eur J 2004, 10:2110–2116.
Surrey, T, Nedelec, F, Leibler, S, Karsenti, E. Physical properties determining self‐organization of motors and microtubules. Science 2001, 292:1167–1171.
Needleman, DJ, Ojeda‐Lopez, MA, Raviv, U, Miller, HP, Wilson, L, Safinya, CR. Higher‐order assembly of microtubules by counterions: from hexagonal bundles to living necklaces. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004, 101:16099–16103.
Needleman, DJ, Ojeda‐Lopez, MA, Raviv, U, Ewert, K, Jones, JB, Miller, HP, Wilson, L, Safinya, CR. Synchrotron X‐ray diffraction study of microtubules buckling and bundling under osmotic stress: a probe of interprotofilament interactions. Phys Rev Lett 2004, 93:198104-1–198101-4.
Koenderink, GH, Dogic, Z, Nakamura, F, Bendix, PM, MacKintosh, FC, Hartwig, JH, Stossel, TP, Weitz, DA. An active biopolymer network controlled by molecular motors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009, 106:15192–15197.
Sanchez, T, Welch, D, Nicastro, D, Dogic, Z. Cilia‐like beating of active microtubule bundles. Science 2011, 333:456–459.
Bray, D. Cell movements: from molecules to motility. New York: Garland Publishing; 2001.
Gross, SP, Welte, MA, Block, SM, Wieschaus, EF. Coordination of opposite‐polarity microtubule motors. J Cell Biol 2002, 156:715–724.
Amos, LA, Amos, WB. The bending of sliding microtubules imaged by confocal light‐microscopy and negative stain electron‐microscopy. J Cell Sci 1991, 14:95–101.
Gittes, F, Mickey, B, Nettleton, J, Howard, J. Flexural rigidity of microtubules and actin‐filaments measured from thermal fluctuations in shape. J Cell Biol 1993, 120:923–934.
Inoue, D, Kabir, AMR, Mayama, H, Gong, JP, Sada, K, Kakugo, A. Growth of ring‐shaped microtubule assemblies through stepwise active self‐organisation. Soft Matter 2013, 9:7061.
Liu, H, Bachand, GD. Effects of confinement on molecular motor‐driven self‐assembly of ring structures. Cell Mol Bioeng 2013, 6:98–108.
Kakugo, A, Kabir, AM, Hosoda, N, Shikinaka, K, Gong, JP. Controlled clockwise‐counterclockwise motion of the ring‐shaped microtubules assembly. Biomacromolecules 2011, 12:3394–3399.
Liu, H, Bachand, GD. Understanding energy dissipation and thermodynamics in biomotor‐driven nanocomposite assemblies. Soft Matter 2011, 7:3087–3091.
Hess, H, Clemmens, J, Brunner, C, Doot, R, Luna, S, Ernst, KH, Vogel, V. Molecular self‐assembly of “nanowires” and “nanospools” using active transport. Nano Lett 2005, 5:629–633.
Liu, HQ, Spoerke, ED, Bachand, M, Koch, SJ, Bunker, BC, Bachand, GD. Biomolecular motor‐powered self‐assembly of dissipative nanocomposite rings. Adv Mater 2008, 20:4476–4481.
Luria, I, Crenshaw, J, Downs, M, Agarwal, A, Seshadri, SB, Gonzales, J, Idan, O, Kamcev, J, Katira, P, Pandey, S, et al. Microtubule nanospool formation by active self‐assembly is not initiated by thermal activation. Soft Matter 2011, 7:3108–3115.
Hess, H, Clemmens, J, Brunner, C, Doot, R, Luna, S, Ernst, KH, Vogel, V. Molecular self‐assembly of “nanowires” and “nanospools” using active transport. Nano Lett 2005, 5:629–633.
Kawamura, R, Kakugo, A, Shikinaka, K, Osada, Y, Gong, JP. Ring‐shaped assembly of microtubules shows preferential counterclockwise motion. Biomacromolecules 2008, 9:2277–2282.
Bachand, M, Trent, AM, Bunker, BC, Bachand, GD. Physical factors affecting kinesin‐based transport of synthetic nanoparticle cargo. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2005, 5:718–722.
Pierson, GB, Burton, PR, Himes, RH. Alterations in number of protofilaments in microtubules assembled in vitro. J Cell Biol 1978, 76:223–228.
Kakugo, A, Kabir, AMR, Hosoda, N, Shikinaka, K, Gong, JP. Controlled clockwise‐counterclockwise motion of the ring‐shaped microtubules assembly. Biomacromolecules 2011, 12:3394–3399.
Idan, O, Lam, A, Kamcev, J, Gonzales, J, Agarwal, A, Hess, H. Nanoscale transport enables active self‐assembly of millimeter‐scale wires. Nano Lett 2012, 12:240–245.
Bull, JL, Hunt, AJ, Meyhofer, E. A theoretical model of a molecular‐motor‐powered pump. Biomed Microdevices 2005, 7:21–33.
Karlsson, M, Sott, K, Davidson, M, Cans, AS, Linderholm, P, Chiu, D, Orwar, O. Formation of geometrically complex lipid nanotube‐vesicle networks of higher‐order topologies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002, 99:11573–11578.
Roux, A, Cappello, G, Cartaud, J, Prost, J, Goud, B, Bassereau, P. A minimal system allowing tubulation with molecular motors pulling on giant liposomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002, 99:5394–5399.
Koster, G, VanDuijn, M, Hofs, B, Dogterom, M. Membrane tube formation from giant vesicles by dynamic association of motor proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003, 100:15583–15588.
Leduc, C, Campas, O, Zeldovich, KB, Roux, A, Jolimaitre, P, Bourel‐Bonnet, L, Goud, B, Joanny, JF, Bassereau, P, Prost, J. Cooperative extraction of membrane nanotubes by molecular motors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004, 101:17096–17101.
Davis, DM, Sowinski, S. Membrane nanotubes: dynamic long‐distance connections between animal cells. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2008, 9:431–436.
Bouxsein, NF, Carroll‐Portillo, A, Bachand, M, Sasaki, DY, Bachand, GD. A Continuous Network of Lipid Nanotubes Fabricated from the Gliding Motility of Kinesin Powered Microtubule Filaments. Langmuir 2013, 29:2992–2999.
Goel, A, Vogel, V. Harnessing biological motors to engineer systems for nanoscale transport and assembly. Nat Nanotechnol 2008, 3:465–475.
Wei, M‐Y, Leon, LJ, Lee, Y, Parks, D, Carroll, L, Famouri, P. Selective attachment of F‐actin with controlled length for developing an intelligent nanodevice. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011, 356:182–189.
Agayan, RR, Tucker, R, Nitta, T, Ruhnow, F, Walter, WJ, Diez, S, Hess, H. Optimization of isopolar microtubule arrays. Langmuir 2013, 29:2265–2272.
Spoerke, ED, Bachand, GD, Liu, J, Sasaki, D, Bunker, BC. Directing the polar organization of microtubules. Langmuir 2008, 24:7039–7043.
Spoerke, ED, Boal, AK, Bachand, GD, Bunker, BC. Biodynamic assembly of nanocrystals on artificial microtubule asters. ACS Nano 2013, 6:2012–2019.
Moorjani, SG, Jia, L, Jackson, TN, Hancock, WO. Lithographically patterned channels spatially segregate kinesin motor activity and effectively guide microtubule movements. Nano Lett 2003, 3:633–637.
Hiratsuka, Y, Tada, T, Oiwa, K, Kanayama, T, Uyeda, TQP. Controlling the direction of kinesin‐driven microtubule movements along microlithographic tracks. Biophys J 2001, 81:1555–1561.
Hess, H, Clemmens, J, Matzke, C, Bachand, G, Bunker, B, Vogel, V. Ratchet patterns sort molecular shuttles. Appl Phys A Mater Sci Process 2002, 75:309–313.
Clemmens, J, Hess, H, Howard, J, Vogel, V. Analysis of microtubule guidance in open microfabricated channels coated with the motor protein kinesin. Langmuir 2003, 19:1738–1744.
Clemmens, J, Hess, H, Lipscomb, R, Hanein, Y, Bohringer, KF, Matzke, CM, Bachand, GD, Bunker, BC, Vogel, V. Mechanisms of microtubule guiding on microfabricated kinesin‐coated surfaces: chemical and topographic surface patterns. Langmuir 2003, 19:10967–10974.
Clemmens, J, Hess, H, Doot, R, Matzke, CM, Bachand, GD, Vogel, V. Motor‐protein roundabouts: microtubules moving on kinesin‐coated tracks through engineered networks. Lab Chip 2004, 4:83–86.
Lin, C‐T, Meyhofer, E, Kurabayashi, K. Predicting the stochastic guiding of kinesin‐driven microtubules in microfabricated tracks: a statistical‐mechanics‐based modeling approach. Phys Rev E 2010, 81:011919-1–011919-5.
Dujovne, I, van den Heuvel, M, Shen, Y, de Graaff, M, Dekker, C. Velocity modulation of microtubules in electric fields. Nano Lett 2008, 8:4217–4220.
Kim, E, Byun, K‐E, Choi, DS, Lee, DJ, Cho, DH, Lee, BY, Yang, H, Heo, J, Chung, H‐J, Seo, S, et al. Electrical control of kinesin‐microtubule motility using a transparent functionalized‐graphene substrate. Nanotechnology 2013, 24:195102-1–195102-6.
Nitta, T, Tanahashi, A, Hirano, M. In silico design and testing of guiding tracks for molecular shuttles powered by kinesin motors. Lab Chip 2010, 10:1447–1453.
Korten, T, Mansson, A, Diez, S. Towards the application of cytoskeletal motor proteins in molecular detection and diagnostic devices. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2010, 21:477–488.
Takatsuki, H, Rice, KM, Asano, S, Day, BS, Hino, M, Oiwa, K, Ishikawa, R, Hiratsuka, Y, Uyeda, TQP, Kohama, K, et al. Utilization of myosin and actin bundles for the transport of molecular cargo. Small 2010, 6:452–457.
Hutchins, BM, Platt, M, Hancock, WO, Williams, ME. Directing transport of CoFe₂O₄‐functionalized microtubules with magnetic fields. Small 2007, 3:126–131.
Schroeder, V, Korten, T, Linke, H, Diez, S, Maximov, I. Dynamic guiding of motor‐driven microtubules on electrically heated, smart polymer tracks. Nano Lett 2013, 13:3434–3438.
Konishi, K, Uyeda, TQP, Kubo, T. Genetic engineering of a Ca²⁺ dependent chemical switch into the linear biomotor kinesin. FEBS Lett 2006, 580:3589–3594.
Greene, AC, Trent, AM, Bachand, GD. Controlling kinesin motor proteins in nanoengineered systems through a metal‐binding on/off switch. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008, 101:478–486.
Cochran, JC, Zhao, YC, Wilcox, DE, Kull, FJ. A metal switch for controlling the activity of molecular motor proteins. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2012, 19:122–127.
Korten, T, Birnbaum, W, Kuckling, D, Diez, S. Selective control of gliding microtubule populations. Nano Lett 2012, 12:348–353.
Nomura, A, Uyeda, TQP, Yumoto, N, Tatsu, Y. Photo‐control of kinesin‐microtubule motility using caged peptides derived from the kinesin C‐terminus domain. Chem Commun 2006, 42:3588–3590.
Byun, K‐E, Choi, DS, Kim, E, Seo, DH, Yang, H, Seo, S, Hong, S. Graphene‐polymer hybrid nanostructure‐based bioenergy storage device for real‐time control of biological motor activity. ACS Nano 2011, 5:8656–8664.
Wu, D, Tucker, R, Hess, H. Caged ATP‐fuel for bionanodevices. IEEE Trans Adv Packaging 2005, 28:594–599.
Du, YZ, Hiratsuka, Y, Taira, S, Eguchi, M, Uyeda, TQP, Yumoto, N, Kodaka, M. Motor protein nano‐biomachine powered by self‐supplying ATP. Chem Commun 2005, 16:2080–2082.
Martin, BD, Velea, LM, Soto, CM, Whitaker, CM, Gaber, BP, Ratna, B. Reversible control of kinesin activity and microtubule gliding speeds by switching the doping states of a conducting polymer support. Nanotechnology 2007, 18:055103-1–055103-7.
Rahim, MKA, Fukaminato, T, Kamei, T, Tamaoki, N. Dynamic photocontrol of the gliding motility of a microtubule driven by kinesin on a photoisomerizable mono layer surface. Langmuir 2011, 27:10347–10350.
Rahim, MKA, Kamei, T, Tamaoki, N. Dynamic photo‐control of kinesin on a photoisomerizable monolayer—hydrolysis rate of ATP and motility of microtubules depending on the terminal group. Org Biomol Chem 2012, 10:3321–3331.
Fischer, T, Agarwal, A, Hess, H. A smart dust biosensor powered by kinesin motors. Nat Nanotechnol 2009, 4:162–166.
Fujimoto, K, Kitamura, M, Yokokawa, M, Kanno, I, Kotera, H, Yokokawa, R. Colocalization of quantum dots by reactive molecules carried by motor proteins on polarized microtubule arrays. ACS Nano 2013, 7:447–455.
Carroll‐Portillo, A, Bachand, M, Greene, AC, Bachand, GD. In vitro capture, transport, and detection of protein analytes using kinesin‐based nanoharvesters. Small 2009, 5:1835–1840.
Taira, S, Du, YZ, Hiratsuka, Y, Konishi, K, Kubo, T, Uyeda, TQP, Yumoto, N, Kodaka, M. Selective detection and transport of fully matched DNA by DNA‐loaded microtubule and kinesin motor protein. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006, 95:533–538.
Frueh, SM, Steuerwald, D, Simon, U, Vogel, V. Covalent cargo loading to molecular shuttles via copper‐free “click chemistry”. Biomacromolecules 2012, 13:3908–3911.
Carroll‐Portillo, A, Bachand, M, Bachand, GD. Directed attachment of antibodies to kinesin‐powered molecular shuttles. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009, 104:1182–1188.
Ramachandran, S, Ernst, K‐H, Bachand, G, Vogel, V, Hess, H. Selective loading of kinesin‐powered molecular shuttles with protein cargo and its application to biosensing. Small 2006, 2:330–334.
Bachand, GD, Rivera, SB, Carroll‐Portillo, A, Hess, H, Bachand, M. Active capture and transport of virus particles using a biomolecular motor‐driven, nanoscale antibody sandwich assay. Small 2006, 2:381–385.
Persson, M, Gullberg, M, Tolf, C, Lindberg, AM, Mansson, A, Kocer, A. Transportation of nanoscale cargoes by myosin propelled actin filaments. Plos One 2013, 8:e55931-1–e55931-13.
Korten, T, Diez, S. Setting up roadblocks for kinesin‐1: mechanism for the selective speed control of cargo carrying microtubules. Lab Chip 2008, 8:1441–1447.
Tarhan, MC, Yokokawa, R, Morin, FO, Fujita, H. Specific transport of target molecules by motor proteins in microfluidic channels. ChemPhysChem 2013, 14:1618–1625.
Yokokawa, R, Tarhan, MC, Kon, T, Fujita, H. Simultaneous and bidirectional transport of kinesin‐coated microspheres and dynein‐coated microspheres on polarity‐oriented microtubules. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008, 101:1–8.
Fujimoto, K, Kitamura, M, Yokokawa, M, Kanno, I, Kotera, H, Yokokawa, R. Colocalization of quantum dots by reactive molecules carried by motor proteins on polarized microtubule arrays. ACS Nano 2012, 7:447–455.
Bottier, C, Fattaccioli, J, Tarhan, MC, Yokokawa, R, Morin, FO, Kim, B, Collard, D, Fujita, H. Active transport of oil droplets along oriented microtubules by kinesin molecular motors. Lab Chip 2009, 9:1694–1700.
Leduc, C, Padberg‐Gehle, K, Varga, V, Helbing, D, Diez, S, Howard, J. Molecular crowding creates traffic jams of kinesin motors on microtubules. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012, 109:6100–6105.
Rios, L, Bachand, GD. Multiplex transport and detection of cytokines using kinesin‐driven molecular shuttles. Lab Chip 2009, 9:1005–1010.
Ramachandran, S, Ernst, KH, Bachand, GD, Vogel, V, Hess, H. Selective loading of kinesin‐powered molecular shuttles with protein cargo and its application to biosensing. Small 2006, 2:330–334.
Kim, T, Cheng, L‐J, Kao, M‐T, Hasselbrink, EF, Guo, L, Meyhofer, E. Biomolecular motor‐driven molecular sorter. Lab Chip 2009, 9:1282–1285.
Lin, C‐T, Kao, M‐T, Kurabayashi, K, Meyhofer, E. Self‐contained, biomolecular motor‐driven protein sorting and concentrating in an ultrasensitive microfluidic chip. Nano Lett 2008, 8:1041–1046.
Bachand, GD, Hess, H, Ratna, B, Satir, P, Vogel, V. “Smart dust” biosensors powered by biomolecular motors. Lab Chip 2009, 9:1661–1666.

Access to this WIREs title is by subscription only.

Recommend to Your
Librarian Now!

The latest WIREs articles in your inbox

Sign Up for Article Alerts