How to cite this WIREs title:
WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol

Impact Factor: 7.689

Two‐dimensional metal organic frameworks for biomedical applications

Advanced Review

Akhilesh K. Gaharwar, Raju Kumar Gupta, Ali Khademhosseini, Prateek, Kartikey Verma, Manish K. Jaiswal, Sukanya Bhunia, Bhuvaneshwari Balasubramaniam, Shreedevi Arun Kumar

Published Online: Nov 02 2020

DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1674

Full article on Wiley Online Library: HTML PDF

Can't access this content? Tell your librarian.

Abstract Two‐dimensional (2D) metal organic frameworks (MOFs), are an emerging class of layered nanomaterials with well‐defined structure and modular composition. The unique pore structure, high flexibility, tunability, and ability to introduce desired functionality within the structural framework, have led to potential use of MOFs in biomedical applications. This article critically reviews the application of 2D MOFs for therapeutic delivery, tissue engineering, bioimaging, and biosensing. Further, discussion on the challenges and strategies in next generation of 2D MOFs are also included. This article is categorized under: Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology

2D MOFs. (a) Metal ions connected by organic linkers to form 2D MOF structures. (b) Number of publications since 2010, when keywords “2D MOFs” were used, indicating the recent increasing popularity of 2D MOFs (data obtained December 2019). (c) Overview of different biomedical applications of 2D MOFs. (d) Number of publications since 2010, when keywords “2D MOFs” and different biomedical application keywords were used like “drug delivery,” “biosensing,” “bioimaging,” and “tissue engineering” (data obtained December 2019)

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

MOFs loaded scaffolds used to ablate bone tumors and promote osteogenesis at the defect site. (a) Scheme of fabrication of 3D printed TCP scaffolds and in situ growth of Cu‐TCCP nanosheets on the surface of the scaffold. (b) Cu‐TCCP‐TCP scaffolds enabled killing of bone tumor cells using the thermal energy generated upon NIR light activation and also promoted osteogenesis at the bone defect site because of release of bioactive ions Cu²⁺, PO₄³⁻, and Ca²⁺. Created with BioRender.com

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

Fabrication of tunable hydrogel‐MOF composites by 3D printing hydrogel MOF precursor mixture followed by UV curing of the printed structure. The cured structure was then ionically crosslinked in Cu(NO₃)₂ solution to facilitate in situ synthesis of HKUST to yield hydrogel‐MOF composites. (Reprinted with permission from Liu et al. (2020). Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society)

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

2D MOF‐based sensor arrays. (a) Scheme of 2D MOF nanozyme sensor arrays to discriminate phosphates. (b) Catalytic activity with the nanozymes were differentially modulated based on the presence of different phosphates. (Reprinted with permission from Qin et al. (2018). Copyright 2018, Analytical Chemistry)

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

2D MOFs for bioimaging applications. (a) Schematic representation of radioactive isotope‐tagged 2D MOFs for bioimaging. (b) in vivo SPECT images of tumor‐bearing Balb/c mice post i.v. injection of ^99mTc‐Hf‐TCPP MOFs. (c) Quantitative distribution of the MOFs in tumor, liver, kidney, and muscle. (Reprinted with permission from Zhu et al. (2018). Copyright 2019, Coordination Chemistry Reviews)

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

2D MOFs for photodynamic therapy (PDT). (a) Scheme for the synthesis of hafnium‐and porphyrin‐based MOF. (b) TEM image of DBP‐UiO MOF with nanoplate morphology. (c) PDT caused improved tumor growth inhibition in mice treated with DBP‐UiO MOFs. (d) DBP‐UiO MOFs resulted in tumor size shrinkage after 8 days of PDT treatment. (Reproduced with permission from Schellenberg et al. (2014). Copyright 2014, Journal of the American Chemical Society)

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

2D MOFs used for drug delivery applications. (a) Schematic representation of 2D MOFs used for delivery of cisplatin and Cu into the cancer cells. (b) Accumulated release of cisplatin from Cu‐TCPP(Fe) nanosheets at pH 5.0 and 7.4. (c) Significant reduction in viability of A549 cells were observed upon treatment with Cu‐TCPP(Fe) compared to that of cells treated with free cisplatin (Li et al., 2018). Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

2D MOFs‐based nanozyme. (a) Scheme representing the synthesis of 2D Zn‐TCPP nanosheets. (b) Scheme representing the use of 2D MOF nanosheets with peroxidase activity to monitor the elimination of heparin in vivo. (c) Kinetic assay with time‐dependent fluorescence intensity indicating increased activation of 2D nanosheets that is modified with anti‐heparin peptide, AG73, in heparin‐treated rats. (d) Heparin elimination was tracked by monitoring the heparin concentrations in the artery of live rats for 4 hr after heparin administration. (Reprinted with permission from Cheng et al. (2017). Copyright 2017, Analytical Chemistry)

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

Surface engineering of 2D MOFs. (a) Schematic illustration of functionalization of 2D MOFs with chitosan. (b) List of common ligands that are used to functionalize 2D MOFs. Created with BioRender.com

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

Overview of top‐down and bottom‐up approaches for synthesis of 2D MOFs

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

References

Agostoni,, V., Anand,, R., Monti,, S., Hall,, S., Maurin,, G., Horcajada,, P., … Gref,, R. (2013). Impact of phosphorylation on the encapsulation of nucleoside analogues within porous iron(iii) metal–organic framework MIL‐100(Fe) nanoparticles. Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 1, 4231–4242.
Allendorf,, M. D., Bauer,, C. A., Bhakta,, R. K., & Houk,, R. J. T. (2009). Luminescent metal–organic frameworks. Chemical Society Reviews, 38, 1330–1352.
Amo‐Ochoa,, P., Welte,, L., González‐Prieto,, R., Sanz Miguel,, P. J., Gómez‐García,, C. J., Mateo‐Martí,, E., … Zamora,, F. (2010). Single layers of a multifunctional laminar cu(i,ii) coordination polymer. Chemical Communications, 46, 3262–3264.
Ashammakhi,, N., Hasan,, A., Kaarela,, O., Byambaa,, B., Sheikhi,, A., Gaharwar,, A. K., & Khademhosseini,, A. (2019). Advancing frontiers in bone bioprinting. Advanced Healthcare Materials, 8, 1801048.
Au,, V. K.‐M., Nakayashiki,, K., Huang,, H., Suginome,, S., Sato,, H., & Aida,, T. (2019). Stepwise expansion of layered metal–organic frameworks for nonstochastic exfoliation into porous Nanosheets. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 141, 53–57.
Baati,, T., Njim,, L., Neffati,, F., Kerkeni,, A., Bouttemi,, M., Gref,, R., et al. (2013). In depth analysis of the in vivo toxicity of nanoparticles of porous iron(iii) metal–organic frameworks. Chemical Science, 4, 1597–1607.
Bai,, W., Li,, S., Ma,, J., Cao,, W., & Zheng,, J. (2019). Ultrathin 2D metal–organic framework (nanosheets and nanofilms)‐based xD–2D hybrid nanostructures as biomimetic enzymes and supercapacitors. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 7, 9086–9098.
Beg,, S., Rahman,, M., Jain,, A., Saini,, S., Midoux,, P., Pichon,, C., … Akhter,, S. (2017). Nanoporous metal organic frameworks as hybrid polymer‐metal composites for drug delivery and biomedical applications. Drug Discovery Today, 22, 625–637.
Bhunia,, S., Deo,, K. A., & Gaharwar,, A. K. (2020). 2D covalent organic frameworks for biomedical applications. Advanced Functional Materials, 30, 2002046.
Brokesh,, A. M., & Gaharwar,, A. K. (2020). Inorganic biomaterials for regenerative medicine. ACS Applied Materials %26 Interfaces, 12, 5319–5344.
Cai,, H., Huang,, Y.‐L., & Li,, D. (2019). Biological metal–organic frameworks: Structures, host–guest chemistry and bio‐applications. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 378, 207–221.
Caro,, J. (2016). Chapter 7 ‐ supported zeolite and MOF molecular sieve membranes: Preparation, characterization, application. In B. F. Sels, & L. M. Kustov, (Eds.), Zeolites and Zeolite‐Like Materials (pp. 283–307). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Carrow,, J. K., Singh,, K. A., Jaiswal,, M. K., Ramirez,, A., Lokhande,, G., Yeh,, A. T., … Gaharwar,, A. K. (2020). Photothermal modulation of human stem cells using light‐responsive 2D nanomaterials. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117, 13329–13338.
Chen,, H., Qiu,, Q., Sharif,, S., Ying,, S., Wang,, Y., & Ying,, Y. (2018). Solution‐phase synthesis of platinum nanoparticle‐decorated metal‐organic framework hybrid nanomaterials as biomimetic Nanoenzymes for biosensing applications. ACS Applied Materials %26 Interfaces, 10, 24108–24115.
Chen,, W., & Wu,, C. (2018). Synthesis, functionalization, and applications of metal–organic frameworks in biomedicine. Dalton Transactions, 47, 2114–2133.
Chen,, Y., Li,, P., Modica,, J. A., Drout,, R. J., & Farha,, O. K. (2018). Acid‐resistant mesoporous metal‐organic framework toward Oral insulin delivery: Protein encapsulation, protection, and release. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 140, 5678–5681.
Chen,, Y.‐Z., Zhang,, R., Jiao,, L., & Jiang,, H.‐L. (2018). Metal–organic framework‐derived porous materials for catalysis. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 362, 1–23.
Cheng,, H., Liu,, Y., Hu,, Y., Ding,, Y., Lin,, S., Cao,, W., et al. (2017). Monitoring of heparin activity in live rats using metal–organic framework nanosheets as peroxidase mimics. Analytical Chemistry, 89, 11552–11559.
Chimene,, D., Alge,, D. L., & Gaharwar,, A. K. (2015). Two‐dimensional nanomaterials for biomedical applications: Emerging trends and future prospects. Advanced Materials, 27, 7261–7284.
Chimene,, D., Miller,, L., Cross,, L., Jaiswal,, M. K., Singh,, I., & Gaharwar,, A. K. (2020). Nanoengineered Osteoinductive bioink for 3D bioprinting bone tissue. ACS Applied Materials %26 Interfaces, 12, 15976–15988.
Clover,, T. M., O`Neill,, C. L., Appavu,, R., Lokhande,, G., Gaharwar,, A. K., Posey,, A. E., … Rudra,, J. S. (2020). Self‐assembly of block Heterochiral peptides into helical tapes. Journal of the American Chemical Society. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.1029b09755
Dalapati,, R., Nandi,, S., Reinsch,, H., Bhunia,, B. K., Mandal,, B. B., Stock,, N., & Biswas,, S. (2018). Fluorogenic naked‐eye sensing and live‐cell imaging of cyanide by a hydrazine‐functionalized CAU‐10 metal–organic framework. CrystEngComm, 20, 4194–4201.
Dang,, W., Ma,, B., Li,, B., Huan,, Z., Ma,, N., Zhu,, H., … Wu,, C. (2020). 3D printing of metal‐organic framework nanosheets‐structured scaffolds with tumor therapy and bone construction. Biofabrication, 12, 025005.
Das,, G., Biswal,, B. P., Kandambeth,, S., Venkatesh,, V., Kaur,, G., Addicoat,, M., … Banerjee,, R. (2015). Chemical sensing in two dimensional porous covalent organic nanosheets. Chemical Science, 6, 3931–3939.
Della Rocca,, J., Liu,, D., & Lin,, W. (2011). Nanoscale metal–organic frameworks for biomedical imaging and drug delivery. Accounts of Chemical Research, 44, 957–968.
Deo,, K., Singh,, K. A., Peak,, C., Alge,, D., & Gaharwar,, A. K. (2020). Bioprinting 101: Design, fabrication, and evaluation of cell‐laden 3D bioprinted scaffolds. Tissue Engineering Part A, 26, 318–338.
Deshmukh,, A. R., Jeong,, J. W., Lee,, S. J., Park,, G. U., & Kim,, B. S. (2019). Ultrasound‐assisted facile green synthesis of hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets and their applications. ACS Sustainable Chemistry %26 Engineering, 7, 17114–17125.
Dhainaut,, J., Bonneau,, M., Ueoka,, R., Kanamori,, K., & Furukawa,, S. (2020). Formulation of metal‐organic framework inks for the 3D printing of robust microporous solids toward high‐pressure gas storage and separation. ACS Applied Materials %26 Interfaces, 12, 10983–10992.
Dhakshinamoorthy,, A., Li,, Z., & Garcia,, H. (2018). Catalysis and photocatalysis by metal organic frameworks. Chemical Society Reviews, 47, 8134–8172.
Ding,, S.‐Y., Dong,, M., Wang,, Y.‐W., Chen,, Y.‐T., Wang,, H.‐Z., Su,, C.‐Y., & Wang,, W. (2016). Thioether‐based fluorescent covalent organic framework for selective detection and facile removal of mercury(II). Journal of the American Chemical Society, 138, 3031–3037.
Ding,, Y., Chen,, Y.‐P., Zhang,, X., Chen,, L., Dong,, Z., Jiang,, H.‐L., … Zhou,, H.‐C. (2017). Controlled intercalation and chemical exfoliation of layered metal–organic frameworks using a chemically labile intercalating agent. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 139, 9136–9139.
Dolgopolova,, E. A., Rice,, A. M., Martin,, C. R., & Shustova,, N. B. (2018). Photochemistry and photophysics of MOFs: Steps towards MOF‐based sensing enhancements. Chemical Society Reviews, 47, 4710–4728.
Dong,, R., Zhang,, T., & Feng,, X. (2018). Interface‐assisted synthesis of 2D materials: Trend and challenges. Chemical Reviews, 118, 6189–6235.
Du,, P. Y., Lustig,, W. P., Teat,, S. J., Gu,, W., Liu,, X., & Li,, J. (2018). A robust two‐dimensional zirconium‐based luminescent coordination polymer built on a V‐shaped dicarboxylate ligand for vapor phase sensing of volatile organic compounds. Chemical Communications (Cambridge), 54, 8088–8091.
Evans,, K. A., Kennedy,, Z. C., Arey,, B. W., Christ,, J. F., Schaef,, H. T., Nune,, S. K., & Erikson,, R. L. (2018). Chemically active, porous 3D‐printed thermoplastic composites. ACS Applied Materials %26 Interfaces, 10, 15112–15121.
Falcaro,, P., Okada,, K., Hara,, T., Ikigaki,, K., Tokudome,, Y., Thornton Aaron,, W., … Takahashi,, M. (2016). Centimetre‐scale micropore alignment in oriented polycrystalline metal–organic framework films via heteroepitaxial growth. Nature Materials, 16, 342.
Fang,, B., Kim,, J. H., Kim,, M.‐S., & Yu,, J.‐S. (2013). Hierarchical nanostructured carbons with meso–macroporosity: Design, characterization, and applications. Accounts of Chemical Research, 46, 1397–1406.
Feng,, J., Yu,, W., Xu,, Z., Hu,, J., Liu,, J., & Wang,, F. (2020). Multifunctional siRNA‐laden hybrid nanoplatform for noninvasive PA/IR dual‐modal imaging‐guided enhanced photogenetherapy. ACS Applied Materials %26 Interfaces, 12, 22613–22623.
Furukawa,, H., Cordova,, K. E., O`Keeffe,, M., & Yaghi,, O. M. (2013). The chemistry and applications of metal‐organic frameworks. Science, 341, 1230444.
Gaharwar,, A. K., Cross,, L. M., Peak,, C. W., Gold,, K., Carrow,, J. K., Brokesh,, A., & Singh,, K. A. (2019). 2D nanoclay for biomedical applications: regenerative medicine, therapeutic delivery, and additive manufacturing. Advanced Materials, 31, 1900332.
Gaharwar,, A. K., Singh,, I., & Khademhosseini,, A. (2020). Engineered biomaterials for in situ tissue regeneration. Nature Reviews Materials, 5, 686–705.
Gao,, X., Gao,, Y., Qi,, R., & Han,, L. (2019). One‐pot synthesis of a recyclable ratiometric fluorescent probe based on MOFs for turn‐on sensing of Mg2+ ions and bioimaging in live cells. New Journal of Chemistry, 43, 18377–18383.
Giménez‐Marqués,, M., Hidalgo,, T., Serre,, C., & Horcajada,, P. (2016). Nanostructured metal–organic frameworks and their bio‐related applications. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 307, 342–360.
Grall,, R., Hidalgo,, T., Delic,, J., Garcia‐Marquez,, A., Chevillard,, S., & Horcajada,, P. (2015). In vitro biocompatibility of mesoporous metal (III; Fe, Al, Cr) trimesate MOF nanocarriers. Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 3, 8279–8292.
Guo,, L., Wang,, M., & Cao,, D. (2018). A novel Zr‐MOF as fluorescence turn‐on probe for real‐time detecting H2S gas and fingerprint identification. Small, 14, 1703822.
Haraguchi,, T., Otsubo,, K., Sakata,, O., Fujiwara,, A., & Kitagawa,, H. (2016). Guest‐induced two‐way structural transformation in a layered metal–organic framework thin film. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 138, 16787–16793.
He,, C., Liu,, D., & Lin,, W. (2015). Nanomedicine applications of hybrid nanomaterials built from metal–ligand coordination bonds: Nanoscale metal–organic frameworks and nanoscale coordination polymers. Chemical Reviews, 115, 11079–11108.
He,, C., Lu,, K., Liu,, D., & Lin,, W. (2014). Nanoscale metal–organic frameworks for the Co‐delivery of cisplatin and pooled siRNAs to enhance therapeutic efficacy in drug‐resistant ovarian cancer cells. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 136, 5181–5184.
He,, T., Ni,, B., Zhang,, S., Gong,, Y., Wang,, H., Gu,, L., … Wang,, X. (2018). Ultrathin 2D zirconium metal‐organic framework Nanosheets: Preparation and application in photocatalysis. Small, 14, e1703929.
He,, Y., Li,, D., Gao,, W., Yin,, H., Chen,, F., & Sun,, Y. (2019). High‐performance NO2 sensors based on spontaneously functionalized hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets via chemical exfoliation. Nanoscale, 11, 21909–21916.
Horcajada,, P., Chalati,, T., Serre,, C., Gillet,, B., Sebrie,, C., Baati,, T., et al. (2009). Porous metal–organic‐framework nanoscale carriers as a potential platform for drug delivery and imaging. Nature Materials, 9, 172.
Hu,, Z., Castano,, I., Wang,, S., Wang,, Y., Peng,, Y., Qian,, Y., … Zhao,, D. (2016). Modulator effects on the water‐based synthesis of Zr/Hf metal–organic frameworks: Quantitative relationship studies between modulator, synthetic condition, and performance. Crystal Growth %26 Design, 16, 2295–2301.
Huang,, J., Li,, Y., Huang,, R.‐K., He,, C.‐T., Gong,, L., Hu,, Q., et al. (2018). Electrochemical exfoliation of pillared‐layer metal–organic framework to boost the oxygen evolution reaction. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 57, 4632–4636.
Huang,, L., Zhang,, X., Han,, Y., Wang,, Q., Fang,, Y., & Dong,, S. (2017). In situ synthesis of ultrathin metal–organic framework nanosheets: A new method for 2D metal‐based nanoporous carbon electrocatalysts. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 5, 18610–18617.
Huang,, X., Li,, S., Huang,, Y., Wu,, S., Zhou,, X., Li,, S., … Zhang,, H. (2011). Synthesis of hexagonal close‐packed gold nanostructures. Nature Communications, 2, 292.
Jaiswal,, M. K., Singh,, K. A., Lokhande,, G., & Gaharwar,, A. K. (2019). Superhydrophobic states of 2D nanomaterials controlled by atomic defects can modulate cell adhesion. Chemical Communications, 55, 8772–8775.
Kambe,, T., Sakamoto,, R., Hoshiko,, K., Takada,, K., Miyachi,, M., Ryu,, J. H., et al. (2013). pi‐conjugated nickel bis(dithiolene) complex nanosheet. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 135, 2462–2465.
Karak,, S., Kandambeth,, S., Biswal,, B. P., Sasmal,, H. S., Kumar,, S., Pachfule,, P., & Banerjee,, R. (2017). Constructing ultraporous covalent organic frameworks in seconds via an organic terracotta process. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 139, 1856–1862.
Karak,, S., Kumar,, S., Pachfule,, P., & Banerjee,, R. (2018). Porosity prediction through hydrogen bonding in covalent organic frameworks. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 140, 5138–5145.
Kathalikkattil,, A. C., Roshan,, R., Tharun,, J., Babu,, R., Jeong,, G. S., Kim,, D. W., … Park,, D. W. (2016). A sustainable protocol for the facile synthesis of zinc‐glutamate MOF: An efficient catalyst for room temperature CO2 fixation reactions under wet conditions. Chemical Communications, 52, 280–283.
Keskin,, S., & Kızılel,, S. (2011). Biomedical applications of metal organic frameworks. Industrial %26 Engineering Chemistry Research, 50, 1799–1812.
Kou,, Z., Guo,, B., Zhao,, Y., Huang,, S., Meng,, T., Zhang,, J., et al. (2017). Molybdenum carbide‐derived chlorine‐doped ordered mesoporous carbon with few‐layered graphene walls for energy storage applications. ACS Applied Materials %26 Interfaces, 9, 3702–3712.
Lee,, H. P., & Gaharwar,, A. K. (2020). Light‐responsive inorganic biomaterials for biomedical applications. Advanced Science, 7, 2000863.
Lee,, J., Farha,, O. K., Roberts,, J., Scheidt,, K. A., Nguyen,, S. T., & Hupp,, J. T. (2009). Metal–organic framework materials as catalysts. Chemical Society Reviews, 38, 1450–1459.
Li,, J.‐R., Sculley,, J., & Zhou,, H.‐C. (2012). Metal–organic frameworks for separations. Chemical Reviews, 112, 869–932.
Li,, L., Guo,, L., Zhang,, Z., Yang,, Q., Yang,, Y., Bao,, Z., … Li,, J. (2019). A robust squarate‐based metal‐organic framework demonstrates record‐high affinity and selectivity for xenon over krypton. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 141, 9358–9364.
Li,, Y., Gao,, Z., Chen,, F., You,, C., Wu,, H., Sun,, K., et al. (2018). Decoration of cisplatin on 2D metal‐organic frameworks for enhanced anticancer effects through highly increased reactive oxygen species generation. ACS Applied Materials %26 Interfaces, 10, 30930–30935.
Li,, Y., Liu,, H., Wang,, H., Qiu,, J., & Zhang,, X. (2018). GO‐guided direct growth of highly oriented metal–organic framework nanosheet membranes for H2/CO2 separation. Chemical Science, 9, 4132–4141.
Lin,, R. B., Liu,, S. Y., Ye,, J. W., Li,, X. Y., & Zhang,, J. P. (2016). Photoluminescent metal‐organic frameworks for gas sensing. Advanced Science (Weinh), 3, 1500434.
Lin,, Y., Wan,, H., Chen,, F., Liu,, X., Ma,, R., & Sasaki,, T. (2018). Two‐dimensional porous cuprous oxide nanoplatelets derived from metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) for efficient photocatalytic dye degradation under visible light. Dalton Transactions, 47, 7694–7700.
Liu,, G., Chernikova,, V., Liu,, Y., Zhang,, K., Belmabkhout,, Y., Shekhah,, O., … Koros,, W. J. (2018). Mixed matrix formulations with MOF molecular sieving for key energy‐intensive separations. Nature Materials, 17, 283–289.
Liu,, W., Erol,, O., & Gracias,, D. H. (2020). 3D printing of an in situ grown MOF hydrogel with tunable mechanical properties. ACS Applied Materials %26 Interfaces, 12, 33267–33275.
Liu,, W., Yin,, R., Xu,, X., Zhang,, L., Shi,, W., & Cao,, X. (2019). Structural engineering of low‐dimensional metal–organic frameworks: Synthesis, properties, and applications. Advanced Science, 6, 1802373.
López‐Cabrelles,, J., Mañas‐Valero,, S., Vitórica‐Yrezábal,, I. J., Bereciartua,, P. J., Rodríguez‐Velamazán,, J. A., Waerenborgh,, J. C., et al. (2018). Isoreticular two‐dimensional magnetic coordination polymers prepared through pre‐synthetic ligand functionalization. Nature Chemistry, 10, 1001–1007.
Lu,, K., He,, C., & Lin,, W. (2014). Nanoscale metal–organic framework for highly effective photodynamic therapy of resistant head and neck cancer. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 136, 16712–16715.
Lu,, Q., Yu,, Y., Ma,, Q., Chen,, B., & Zhang,, H. (2016). 2D transition‐metal‐dichalcogenide‐nanosheet‐based composites for photocatalytic and electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reactions. Advanced Materials, 28, 1917–1933.
Lu,, Y., Lucier,, B. E. G., Zhang,, Y., Ren,, P., Zheng,, A., & Huang,, Y. (2017). Sizable dynamics in small pores: CO2 location and motion in the α‐mg formate metal–organic framework. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 19, 6130–6141.
Lyu,, Z., Lim,, G. J. H., Guo,, R., Kou,, Z., Wang,, T., Guan,, C., … Wang,, J. (2019). 3D‐printed MOF‐derived hierarchically porous frameworks for practical high‐energy density Li–O2 batteries. Advanced Functional Materials, 29, 1806658.
Ma,, J., Ren,, Y., Zhou,, X., Liu,, L., Zhu,, Y., Cheng,, X., … Zhao,, D. (2018). Pt nanoparticles sensitized ordered mesoporous WO3 semiconductor: Gas sensing performance and mechanism study. Advanced Functional Materials, 28, 1705268.
Maeda,, H., Sakamoto,, R., & Nishihara,, H. (2016). Coordination programming of two‐dimensional metal complex frameworks. Langmuir, 32, 2527–2538.
Majewski,, M. B., Noh,, H., Islamoglu,, T., & Farha,, O. K. (2018). NanoMOFs: Little crystallites for substantial applications. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 6, 7338–7350.
Makiura,, R., Tsuchiyama,, K., & Sakata,, O. (2011). Self‐assembly of highly crystalline two‐dimensional MOF sheets on liquid surfaces. CrystEngComm, 13, 5538–5541.
Makiura,, R., Usui,, R., Sakai,, Y., Nomoto,, A., Ogawa,, A., Sakata,, O., & Fujiwara,, A. (2014). Towards rational modulation of in‐plane molecular arrangements in metal–organic framework nanosheets. ChemPlusChem, 79, 1352–1360.
McKinlay,, A. C., Morris,, R. E., Horcajada,, P., Férey,, G., Gref,, R., Couvreur,, P., & Serre,, C. (2010). BioMOFs: Metal–organic frameworks for biological and medical applications. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 49, 6260–6266.
Morris,, W., Briley,, W. E., Auyeung,, E., Cabezas,, M. D., & Mirkin,, C. A. (2014). Nucleic acid–metal organic framework (MOF) nanoparticle conjugates. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 136, 7261–7264.
Motoyama,, S., Makiura,, R., Sakata,, O., & Kitagawa,, H. (2011). Highly crystalline nanofilm by layering of porphyrin metal−organic framework sheets. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 133, 5640–5643.
Nezhad‐Mokhtari,, P., Arsalani,, N., Javanbakht,, S., & Shaabani,, A. (2019). Development of gelatin microsphere encapsulated Cu‐based metal‐organic framework nanohybrid for the methotrexate delivery. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 50, 174–180.
Peak,, C. W., Singh,, K. A., Ma,, A., Chen,, J., & Gaharwar,, A. K. (2019). Printing therapeutic proteins in 3D using nanoengineered bioink to control and direct cell migration. Advanced Healthcare Materials, 8, 1801553.
Peng,, Y., Li,, Y., Ban,, Y., Jin,, H., Jiao,, W., Liu,, X., & Yang,, W. (2014). Metal‐organic framework nanosheets as building blocks for molecular sieving membranes. Science, 346, 1356–1359.
Qian,, L. L., Wang,, Z. X., Zhu,, L. M., Li,, K., Li,, B. L., & Wu,, B. (2019). Synthesis, structure, spectral characteristic and photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes of a copper metal‐organic framework based on tri(triazole) and pimelate. Spectrochimica Acta. Part A, Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 214, 372–377.
Qin,, L., Wang,, X., Liu,, Y., & Wei,, H. (2018). 2D‐metal–organic‐framework‐nanozyme sensor arrays for probing phosphates and their enzymatic hydrolysis. Analytical Chemistry, 90, 9983–9989.
Rodenas,, T., Luz,, I., Prieto,, G., Seoane,, B., Miro,, H., Corma,, A., … Gascon,, J. (2014). Metal–organic framework nanosheets in polymer composite materials for gas separation. Nature Materials, 14, 48.
Rojas,, S., Guillou,, N., & Horcajada,, P. (2019). Ti‐based nanoMOF as an efficient oral therapeutic agent. ACS Applied Materials %26 Interfaces, 11, 22188–22193.
Sakaida,, S., Haraguchi,, T., Otsubo,, K., Sakata,, O., Fujiwara,, A., & Kitagawa,, H. (2017). Fabrication and structural characterization of an ultrathin film of a two‐dimensional‐layered metal–organic framework, {Fe(py)2[Ni(CN)4]} (py = pyridine). Inorganic Chemistry, 56, 7606–7609.
Sakaida,, S., Otsubo,, K., Sakata,, O., Song,, C., Fujiwara,, A., Takata,, M., & Kitagawa,, H. (2016). Crystalline coordination framework endowed with dynamic gate‐opening behaviour by being downsized to a thin film. Nature Chemistry, 8, 377.
Sakamoto,, R., Takada,, K., Sun,, X., Pal,, T., Tsukamoto,, T., Phua,, E. J. H., … Nishihara,, H. (2016). The coordination nanosheet (CONASH). Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 320‐321, 118–128.
Sancho‐Albero,, M., Rubio‐Ruiz,, B., Perez‐Lopez,, A. M., Sebastian,, V., Martin‐Duque,, P., Arruebo,, M., … Unciti‐Broceta,, A. (2019). Cancer‐derived exosomes loaded with ultrathin palladium nanosheets for targeted bioorthogonal catalysis. Nature Catalysis, 2, 864–872.
Schellenberg,, A., Joussen,, S., Moser,, K., Hampe,, N., Hersch,, N., Hemeda,, H., … Pallua,, N. (2014). Matrix elasticity, replicative senescence and DNA methylation patterns of mesenchymal stem cells. Biomaterials, 35, 6351–6358.
Shadjou,, N., & Hasanzadeh,, M. (2015). Bone tissue engineering using silica‐based mesoporous nanobiomaterials: Recent progress. Materials Science %26 Engineering. C, Materials for Biological Applications, 55, 401–409.
Shao,, M., Cheng,, Y., Zhang,, T., Li,, S., Zhang,, W., Zheng,, B., … Lu,, J. (2018). Designing MOFs‐derived FeS2@carbon composites for high‐rate sodium ion storage with capacitive contributions. ACS Applied Materials %26 Interfaces, 10, 33097–33104.
Smolders,, S., Struyf,, A., Reinsch,, H., Bueken,, B., Rhauderwiek,, T., Mintrop,, L., … De Vos,, D. E. (2018). A precursor method for the synthesis of new Ce(iv) MOFs with reactive tetracarboxylate linkers. Chemical Communications (Cambridge), 54, 876–879.
Spanopoulos,, I., Tsangarakis,, C., Klontzas,, E., Tylianakis,, E., Froudakis,, G., Adil,, K., … Trikalitis,, P. N. (2016). Reticular synthesis of HKUST‐like tbo‐MOFs with enhanced CH4 storage. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 138, 1568–1574.
Sumida,, K., Liang,, K., Reboul,, J., Ibarra,, I. A., Furukawa,, S., & Falcaro,, P. (2017). Sol–gel processing of metal–organic frameworks. Chemistry of Materials, 29, 2626–2645.
Sun,, C. Y., Qin,, C., Wang,, X. L., Yang,, G. S., Shao,, K. Z., Lan,, Y. Q., … Wang,, E. B. (2012). Zeolitic Imidazolate framework‐8 as efficient pH‐sensitive drug delivery vehicle. Dalton Transactions, 41, 6906–6909.
Tan,, B., Zhao,, H., Wu,, W., Liu,, X., Zhang,, Y., & Quan,, X. (2017). Fe3O4‐AuNPs anchored 2D metal–organic framework nanosheets with DNA regulated switchable peroxidase‐like activity. Nanoscale, 9, 18699–18710.
Wang,, H.‐S., Li,, J., Li,, J.‐Y., Wang,, K., Ding,, Y., & Xia,, X.‐H. (2017). Lanthanide‐based metal‐organic framework nanosheets with unique fluorescence quenching properties for two‐color intracellular adenosine imaging in living cells. NPG Asia Materials, 9, e354.
Wang,, K., Zhang,, G., Li,, J., Li,, Y., & Wu,, X. (2017). 0D/2D Z‐scheme heterojunctions of bismuth tantalate quantum dots/ultrathin g‐C3N4 nanosheets for highly efficient visible light photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics. ACS Applied Materials %26 Interfaces, 9, 43704–43715.
Wang,, P., Zhang,, L., Zheng,, W., Cong,, L., Guo,, Z., Xie,, Y., … Hamada,, Y. (2018). Thermo‐triggered release of CRISPR‐Cas9 system by lipid‐encapsulated gold nanoparticles for tumor therapy. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 57, 1491–1496.
Wang,, Q., Bai,, J., Lu,, Z., Pan,, Y., & You,, X. (2016). Finely tuning MOFs towards high‐performance post‐combustion CO2 capture materials. Chemical Communications (Cambridge), 52, 443–452.
Xu,, G., Otsubo,, K., Yamada,, T., Sakaida,, S., & Kitagawa,, H. (2013). Superprotonic conductivity in a highly oriented crystalline metal–organic framework Nanofilm. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 135, 7438–7441.
Xu,, G., Yamada,, T., Otsubo,, K., Sakaida,, S., & Kitagawa,, H. (2012). Facile “modular assembly” for fast construction of a highly oriented crystalline MOF Nanofilm. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 134, 16524–16527.
Xu,, M., Yang,, S.‐S., & Gu,, Z.‐Y. (2018). Two‐dimensional metal‐organic framework nanosheets: A rapidly growing class of versatile nanomaterials for gas separation, MALDI‐TOF matrix and biomimetic applications. Chemistry – A European Journal, 24, 15131–15142.
Xu,, M., Yuan,, S., Chen,, X.‐Y., Chang,, Y.‐J., Day,, G., Gu,, Z.‐Y., & Zhou,, H.‐C. (2017). Two‐dimensional metal–organic framework nanosheets as an enzyme inhibitor: Modulation of the α‐chymotrypsin activity. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 139, 8312–8319.
Xue,, Y., Zheng,, S., Xue,, H., & Pang,, H. (2019). Metal–organic framework composites and their electrochemical applications. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 7, 7301–7327.
Yang,, D., & Gates,, B. C. (2019). Catalysis by metal organic frameworks: Perspective and suggestions for future research. ACS Catalysis, 9, 1779–1798.
Yang,, J., & Yang,, Y. W. (2020). Metal‐organic frameworks for biomedical applications. Small, 16, e1906846.
Yang,, X.‐Y., Léonard,, A., Lemaire,, A., Tian,, G., & Su,, B.‐L. (2011). Self‐formation phenomenon to hierarchically structured porous materials: Design, synthesis, formation mechanism and applications. Chemical Communications, 47, 2763–2786.
Yi,, X.‐H., Wang,, F.‐X., Du,, X.‐D., Fu,, H., & Wang,, C.‐C. (2018). Highly efficient photocatalytic Cr(VI) reduction and organic pollutants degradation of two new bifunctional 2D cd/co‐based MOFs. Polyhedron, 152, 216–224.
Yu,, H., Fan,, M., Liu,, Q., Su,, Z., Li,, X., Pan,, Q., & Hu,, X. (2020). Two highly water‐stable imidazole‐based ln‐MOFs for sensing Fe(3+),Cr2O7(2‐)/CrO4(2‐) in a water environment. Inorganic Chemistry, 59, 2005–2010.
Yu,, J., Wang,, Q., O`Hare,, D., & Sun,, L. (2017). Preparation of two dimensional layered double hydroxide nanosheets and their applications. Chemical Society Reviews, 46, 5950–5974.
Zhang,, J., Chen,, J., Peng,, S., Peng,, S., Zhang,, Z., Tong,, Y., … Yan,, X.‐P. (2019). Emerging porous materials in confined spaces: From chromatographic applications to flow chemistry. Chemical Society Reviews, 48, 2566–2595.
Zhang,, J., Peh,, S. B., Wang,, J., Du,, Y., Xi,, S., Dong,, J., … Zhao,, D. (2019). Hybrid MOF‐808‐Tb nanospheres for highly sensitive and selective detection of acetone vapor and Fe(3+) in aqueous solution. Chemical Communications (Cambridge), 55, 4727–4730.
Zhang,, N., Yuan,, L.‐Y., Guo,, W.‐L., Luo,, S.‐Z., Chai,, Z.‐F., & Shi,, W.‐Q. (2017). Extending the use of highly porous and functionalized MOFs to Th(IV) capture. ACS Applied Materials %26 Interfaces, 9, 25216–25224.
Zhang,, X., Lai,, Z., Ma,, Q., & Zhang,, H. (2018). Novel structured transition metal dichalcogenide nanosheets. Chemical Society Reviews, 47, 3301–3338.
Zhang,, X., Xie,, X., Wang,, H., Zhang,, J., Pan,, B., & Xie,, Y. (2013). Enhanced photoresponsive ultrathin graphitic‐phase C3N4 nanosheets for bioimaging. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 135, 18–21.
Zhang,, Y., Wang,, F., Ju,, E., Liu,, Z., Chen,, Z., Ren,, J., & Qu,, X. (2016). Metal‐organic‐framework‐based vaccine platforms for enhanced systemic immune and memory response. Advanced Functional Materials, 26, 6454–6461.
Zhao,, M., Huang,, Y., Peng,, Y., Huang,, Z., Ma,, Q., & Zhang,, H. (2018). Two‐dimensional metal‐organic framework nanosheets: Synthesis and applications. Chemical Society Reviews, 47, 6267–6295.
Zhao,, M., Lu,, Q., Ma,, Q., & Zhang,, H. (2017). Two‐dimensional metal–organic framework Nanosheets. Small Methods, 1, 1600030.
Zhao,, S. S., Yang,, J., Liu,, Y. Y., & Ma,, J. F. (2016). Fluorescent aromatic tag‐functionalized MOFs for highly selective sensing of metal ions and small organic molecules. Inorganic Chemistry, 55, 2261–2273.
Zhao,, Y., Zhao,, Y., Waterhouse,, G. I. N., Zheng,, L., Cao,, X., Teng,, F., … Zhang,, T. (2017). Layered‐double‐hydroxide nanosheets as efficient visible‐light‐driven photocatalysts for dinitrogen fixation. Advanced Materials, 29, 1703828.
Zhu,, H., Zhang,, Q., & Zhu,, S. (2016). Alginate hydrogel: A shapeable and versatile platform for in situ preparation of metal‐organic framework‐polymer composites. ACS Applied Materials %26 Interfaces, 8, 17395–17401.
Zhu,, J., Ha,, E., Zhao,, G., Zhou,, Y., Huang,, D., Yue,, G., et al. (2017). Recent advance in MXenes: A promising 2D material for catalysis, sensor and chemical adsorption. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 352, 306–327.
Zhu,, W., Yang,, Y., Jin,, Q., Chao,, Y., Tian,, L., Liu,, J., … Liu,, Z. (2018). Two‐dimensional metal‐organic‐framework as a unique theranostic nano‐platform for nuclear imaging and chemo‐photodynamic cancer therapy. Nano Research, 12, 1307–1312.
Zhuang,, J., Gong,, H., Zhou,, J., Zhang,, Q., Gao,, W., Fang,, R. H., & Zhang,, L. (2020). Targeted gene silencing in vivo by platelet membrane‐coated metal‐organic framework nanoparticles. Science Advances, 6, eaaz6108.

Access to this WIREs title is by subscription only.

Recommend to Your
Librarian Now!

The latest WIREs articles in your inbox

Sign Up for Article Alerts