Cancer and inflammation

Overview

Lance L. Munn

Published Online: Dec 12 2016

DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1370

Full article on Wiley Online Library: HTML PDF

Can't access this content? Tell your librarian.

The relationship between inflammation and cancer has been recognized since the 17th century,1 and we now know much about the cells, cytokines and physiological processes that are central to both inflammation and cancer.2-9 Chronic inflammation can induce certain cancers,10-17 and solid tumors, in turn, can initiate and perpetuate local inflammatory processes that foster tumor growth and dissemination.5,18-20 Consequently, inflammatory pathways have been targeted in attempts to control cancer.21-23 Inflammation is a central aspect of the innate immune system's response to tissue damage or infection, and also facilitates the recruitment of circulating cells and antibodies of the adaptive immune response to the tissue. Components of the innate immune response carry out a robust, but sometimes overly‐conservative response, sacrificing specificity for the sake of preservation. Thus, when innate immunity goes awry, it can have profound implications. How the innate and adaptive immune systems cooperate to neutralize pathogens and repair damaged tissues is still an area of intense investigation. Further, how these systems can respond to cancer, which arises from normal ‘self’ cells that undergo an oncogenic transformation, has profound implications for cancer therapy. Recently, immunotherapies that activate adaptive immunity have shown unprecedented promise in the clinic, producing durable responses and dramatic increases in survival rate in patients with advanced stage melanoma.24-26 Consequently, the relationship between cancer and inflammation has now returned to the forefront of clinical oncology. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2017, 9:e1370. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1370 This article is categorized under: Physiology > Mammalian Physiology in Health and Disease Biological Mechanisms > Regulatory Biology

Differences in the progression of acute and cancer‐induced inflammation. While many of the cells and processes are common, acute inflammation resolves after the pathogen is eliminated and/or tissue architecture has been stabilized. In cancer‐induced inflammation, there is continuous mechanical disruption, cytokine and growth factor production and cell recruitment, so inflammation persists.

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

Involvement of inflammatory processes during tumor development and progression. (a) After mutagenesis, cancer cells proliferate, disrupting the surrounding tissue, drawing the attention of resident macrophages and fibroblasts. Cancer cell‐produced cytokines and growth factors may also play a role in this early stage. Resident granulocytes may also respond to DAMPs released by damaged cells and matrix as the tumor disrupts normal tissue. (b) As the tumor expands, macrophages and fibroblasts are recruited to the area, and matrix production is increased. Oxygen diffusion limitations cause hypoxia in the tumor core, and angiogenic growth factors such as VEGF are produced by the tumor. (c) The growth factors act on nearby blood vessels, causing dilation and leakiness. (d) The growth factor environment, modified ECM and fluid flow through the tissue all encourage formation of new vessels that enter and feed the tumor. (e) This environment, and the new vasculature, accelerates the infiltration of innate immune cells, which produce additional inflammatory cytokines that further affect the blood vessels and recruit more cells. (f) Without specific anti‐tumor immunity, these events amplify out of control, and the abundant/modified ECM provides pathways for cancer invasion. (g) Immunotherapies can activate the adaptive immune response, allowing cytotoxic T‐cells to kill the cancer cells.

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

Inflammation induced by tissue insult or pathogens. (a) Tissue damage produces cell and matrix debris (damage‐associated molecular patterns, DAMPs) that binds to receptors on resident granuloctyes (mast cells, eosinophils, basophils). Similarly, pathogens release substances (pathogen‐associated molecular patterns, PAMPs) that bind to receptors on these cells. (b) Activation of the granulocytes releases cytokines and chemokines that act on pain receptors and vascular cells. (c) In response, blood vessels dilate and become leaky. The extravasating plasma carries proteins that modify the ECM, and the changes in blood flow and EC adhesion molecules facilitate the infiltration of circulating neutrophils, monocytes and other myeloid cells into the tissue. (d) Macrophages and neutrophils clean up debris, attack any pathogens and fortify the extracellular matrix. (e) In the case of pathogenic response, the cells and antibodies produced in the adaptive immune response arrive and help clear the infection. (f) Tissue architecture is restored by macrophages and fibroblasts, which contract the wound and normalize the ECM. Angiogenic vessels re‐perfuse the tissue. (g) Remodeling of the tissue continues for weeks/months as blood vessels and matrix structures are refined.

[ Normal View | Magnified View ]

References

Balkwill, F, Mantovani, A. Inflammation and cancer: back to Virchow? Lancet 2001, 357:539–45.
Hagemann, T, Balkwill, F, Lawrence, T. Inflammation and cancer: a double‐edged sword. Cancer Cell 2007, 12:300–1.
Li, N, Grivennikov, SI, Karin, M. The unholy trinity: inflammation, cytokines, and STAT3 shape the cancer microenvironment. Cancer Cell 2011, 19:429–31.
Mantovani, A. Cancer: inflammation by remote control. Nature 2005, 435:752–3.
Mantovani, A, Allavena, P, Sica, A, Balkwill, F. Cancer‐related inflammation. Nature 2008, 454:436–44.
Marx, J. Cancer research. Inflammation and cancer: the link grows stronger. Science 2004, 306:966–8.
Pyne, NJ, Pyne, S. Sphingosine 1‐phosphate is a missing link between chronic inflammation and colon cancer. Cancer Cell 2013, 23:5–7.
Sethi, G, Sung, B, Aggarwal, BB. TNF: a master switch for inflammation to cancer. Front Biosci 2008, 13:5094–107.
Yu, H, Pardoll, D, Jove, R. STATs in cancer inflammation and immunity: a leading role for STAT3. Nat Rev Cancer 2009, 9:798–809.
Bhatelia, K, Singh, K, Singh, R. TLRs: linking inflammation and breast cancer. Cell Signal 2014, 26:2350–7.
Bonomi, M, Patsias, A, Posner, M, Sikora, A. The role of inflammation in head and neck cancer. Adv Exp Med Biol 2014, 816:107–27.
Deng, T, Lyon, CJ, Bergin, S, Caligiuri, MA, Hsueh, WA. Obesity, Inflammation, and Cancer. Annu Rev Pathol 2016, 11:421–49.
Kwon, OJ, Zhang, L, Ittmann, MM, Xin, L. Prostatic inflammation enhances basal‐to‐luminal differentiation and accelerates initiation of prostate cancer with a basal cell origin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2014, 111:E592–600.
Li, G, Wang, Z, Ye, J, Zhang, X, Wu, H, Peng, J, Song, W, Chen, C, Cai, S, He, Y, et al. Uncontrolled inflammation induced by AEG‐1 promotes gastric cancer and poor prognosis. Cancer Res 2014, 74:5541–52.
Ness, RB, Cottreau, C. Possible role of ovarian epithelial inflammation in ovarian cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999, 91:1459–67.
Philip, M, Rowley, DA, Schreiber, H. Inflammation as a tumor promoter in cancer induction. Semin Cancer Biol 2004, 14:433–9.
Pikarsky, E, Porat, RM, Stein, I, Abramovitch, R, Amit, S, Kasem, S, Gutkovich‐Pyest, E, Urieli‐Shoval, S, Galun, E, Ben‐Neriah, Y. NF‐κB functions as a tumour promoter in inflammation‐associated cancer. Nature 2004, 431:461–6.
Balkwill, FR, Mantovani, A. Cancer‐related inflammation: common themes and therapeutic opportunities. Semin Cancer Biol 2012, 22:33–40.
Caronni, N, Savino, B, Bonecchi, R. Myeloid cells in cancer‐related inflammation. Immunobiology 2015, 220:249–53.
Sica, A, Allavena, P, Mantovani, A. Cancer related inflammation: the macrophage connection. Cancer Lett 2008, 267:204–15.
Colombo, MP, Mantovani, A. Targeting myelomonocytic cells to revert inflammation‐dependent cancer promotion. Cancer Res 2005, 65:9113–6.
Huang, Y, Snuderl, M, Jain, RK. Polarization of tumor‐associated macrophages: a novel strategy for vascular normalization and antitumor immunity. Cancer Cell 2011, 19:1–2.
Huang, Y, Yuan, J, Righi, E, Kamoun, WS, Ancukiewicz, M, Nezivar, J, Santosuosso, M, Martin, JD, Martin, MR, Vianello, F, et al. Vascular normalizing doses of antiangiogenic treatment reprogram the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and enhance immunotherapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012, 109:17561–6.
Postow, MA, Chesney, J, Pavlick, AC, Robert, C, Grossmann, K, McDermott, D, Linette, GP, Meyer, N, Giguere, JK, Agarwala, SS, et al. Nivolumab and ipilimumab versus ipilimumab in untreated melanoma. N Engl J Med 2015, 372:2006–17.
Weber, JS, Gibney, G, Sullivan, RJ, Sosman, JA, Slingluff, CL Jr, Lawrence, DP, Logan, TF, Schuchter, LM, Nair, S, Fecher, L, et al. Sequential administration of nivolumab and ipilimumab with a planned switch in patients with advanced melanoma (CheckMate 064): an open‐label, randomised, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2016, 17:943–55.
Wolchok, JD, Kluger, H, Callahan, MK, Postow, MA, Rizvi, NA, Lesokhin, AM, Segal, NH, Ariyan, CE, Gordon, RA, Reed, K, et al. Nivolumab plus ipilimumab in advanced melanoma. N Engl J Med 2013, 369:122–33.
Chen, K, Huang, J, Gong, W, Iribarren, P, Dunlop, NM, Wang, JM. Toll‐like receptors in inflammation, infection and cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2007, 7:1271–85.
Helm, CL, Fleury, ME, Zisch, AH, Boschetti, F, Swartz, MA. Synergy between interstitial flow and VEGF directs capillary morphogenesis in vitro through a gradient amplification mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005, 102:15779–84.
Shi, ZD, Tarbell, JM. Fluid flow mechanotransduction in vascular smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. Ann Biomed Eng 2011, 39:1608–19.
Song, JW, Munn, LL. Fluid forces control endothelial sprouting. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011, 108:15342–7.
Swartz, MA, Fleury, ME. Interstitial flow and its effects in soft tissues. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2007, 9:229–56.
Sundd, P, Pospieszalska, MK, Cheung, LS, Konstantopoulos, K, Ley, K. Biomechanics of leukocyte rolling. Biorheology 2011, 48:1–35.
Sun, C, Jain, RK, Munn, LL. Non‐uniform plasma leakage affects local hematocrit and blood flow: implications for inflammation and tumor perfusion. Ann Biomed Eng 2007, 35:2121–9.
Melder, RJ, Koenig, GC, Witwer, BP, Safabakhsh, N, Munn, LL, Jain, RK. During angiogenesis, vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor regulate natural killer cell adhesion to tumor endothelium. Nat Med 1996, 2:992–7.
Migliorini, C, Qian, Y, Chen, H, Brown, EB, Jain, RK, Munn, LL. Red blood cells augment leukocyte rolling in a virtual blood vessel. Biophys J 2002, 83:1834–41.
Munn, LL, Dupin, MM. Blood cell interactions and segregation in flow. Ann Biomed Eng 2008, 36:534–44.
Sun, C, Migliorini, C, Munn, LL. Red blood cells initiate leukocyte rolling in postcapillary expansions: a lattice Boltzmann analysis. Biophys J 2003, 85:208–22.
De Caterina, R, Libby, P, Peng, HB, Thannickal, VJ, Rajavashisth, TB, Gimbrone, MA Jr, Shin, WS, Liao, JK. Nitric oxide decreases cytokine‐induced endothelial activation. Nitric oxide selectively reduces endothelial expression of adhesion molecules and proinflammatory cytokines. J Clin Invest 1995, 96:60–8.
Khan, BV, Harrison, DG, Olbrych, MT, Alexander, RW, Medford, RM. Nitric oxide regulates vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 gene expression and redox‐sensitive transcriptional events in human vascular endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996, 93:9114–9.
Melder, RJ, Munn, LL, Yamada, S, Ohkubo, C, Jain, RK. Selectin‐ and integrin‐mediated T‐lymphocyte rolling and arrest on TNF‐α‐activated endothelium: augmentation by erythrocytes. Biophys J 1995, 69:2131–8.
Spiecker, M, Darius, H, Kaboth, K, Hubner, F, Liao, JK. Differential regulation of endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression by nitric oxide donors and antioxidants. J Leukoc Biol 1998, 63:732–9.
Verbeke, H, Geboes, K, Van Damme, J, Struyf, S. The role of CXC chemokines in the transition of chronic inflammation to esophageal and gastric cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta 2012, 1825:117–29.
Pold, M, Zhu, LX, Sharma, S, Burdick, MD, Lin, Y, Lee, PP, Pold, A, Luo, J, Krysan, K, Dohadwala, M, et al. Cyclooxygenase‐2‐dependent expression of angiogenic CXC chemokines ENA‐78/CXC Ligand (CXCL) 5 and interleukin‐8/CXCL8 in human non‐small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 2004, 64:1853–60.
Schenk, BI, Petersen, F, Flad, HD, Brandt, E. Platelet‐derived chemokines CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL)7, connective tissue‐activating peptide III, and CXCL4 differentially affect and cross‐regulate neutrophil adhesion and transendothelial migration. J Immunol 2002, 169:2602–10.
Klintrup, K, Makinen, JM, Kauppila, S, Vare, PO, Melkko, J, Tuominen, H, Tuppurainen, K, Makela, J, Karttunen, TJ, Makinen, MJ. Inflammation and prognosis in colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer 2005, 41:2645–54.
Hakkim, A, Fuchs, TA, Martinez, NE, Hess, S, Prinz, H, Zychlinsky, A, Waldmann, H. Activation of the Raf‐MEK‐ERK pathway is required for neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Nat Chem Biol 2011, 7:75–7.
Hu, SC, Yu, HS, Yen, FL, Lin, CL, Chen, GS, Lan, CC. Neutrophil extracellular trap formation is increased in psoriasis and induces human β‐defensin‐2 production in epidermal keratinocytes. Sci Rep 2016, 6:31119.
Shan, Q, Dwyer, M, Rahman, S, Gadjeva, M. Distinct susceptibilities of corneal Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates to neutrophil extracellular trap‐mediated immunity. Infect Immun 2014, 82:4135–43.
Tamarozzi, F, Turner, JD, Pionnier, N, Midgley, A, Guimaraes, AF, Johnston, KL, Edwards, SW, Taylor, MJ. Wolbachia endosymbionts induce neutrophil extracellular trap formation in human onchocerciasis. Sci Rep 2016, 6:35559.
Khatami, M. Chronic inflammation: synergistic interactions of recruiting macrophages (TAMs) and eosinophils (Eos) with host mast cells (MCs) and tumorigenesis in CALTs. M‐CSF, suitable biomarker for cancer diagnosis!. Cancers (Basel) 2014, 6:297–322.
Lin, WW, Karin, M. A cytokine‐mediated link between innate immunity, inflammation, and cancer. J Clin Invest 2007, 117:1175–83.
Wang, K, Karin, M. Tumor‐elicited inflammation and colorectal cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2015, 128:173–96.
Wang, TC, Goldenring, JR. Inflammation intersection: gp130 balances gut irritation and stomach cancer. Nat Med 2002, 8:1080–2.
Watanabe, M, Kato, J, Inoue, I, Yoshimura, N, Yoshida, T, Mukoubayashi, C, Deguchi, H, Enomoto, S, Ueda, K, Maekita, T, et al. Development of gastric cancer in nonatrophic stomach with highly active inflammation identified by serum levels of pepsinogen and Helicobacter pylori antibody together with endoscopic rugal hyperplastic gastritis. Int J Cancer 2012, 131:2632–42.
Bromberg, J, Wang, TC. Inflammation and cancer: IL‐6 and STAT3 complete the link. Cancer Cell 2009, 15:79–80.
Fazio, C, Piazzi, G, Vitaglione, P, Fogliano, V, Munarini, A, Prossomariti, A, Milazzo, M, D`Angelo, L, Napolitano, M, Chieco, P, et al. Inflammation increases NOTCH1 activity via MMP9 and is counteracted by eicosapentaenoic acid‐free fatty acid in colon cancer cells. Sci Rep 2016, 6:20670.
Liang, J, Nagahashi, M, Kim, EY, Harikumar, KB, Yamada, A, Huang, WC, Hait, NC, Allegood, JC, Price, MM, Avni, D, et al. Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate links persistent STAT3 activation, chronic intestinal inflammation, and development of colitis‐associated cancer. Cancer Cell 2013, 23:107–20.
Alam, M, Khan, M, Veledar, E, Pongprutthipan, M, Flores, A, Dubina, M, Nodzenski, M, Yoo, SS. Correlation of inflammation in frozen sections with site of nonmelanoma skin cancer. JAMA Dermatol 2016, 152:173–6.
Lund, AW, Medler, TR, Leachman, SA, Coussens, LM. Lymphatic vessels, inflammation, and immunity in skin cancer. Cancer Discov 2016, 6:22–35.
Perez‐Moreno, M, Song, W, Pasolli, HA, Williams, SE, Fuchs, E. Loss of p120 catenin and links to mitotic alterations, inflammation, and skin cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008, 105:15399–404.
Zhang, J, Chen, L, Xiao, M, Wang, C, Qin, Z. FSP1+ fibroblasts promote skin carcinogenesis by maintaining MCP‐1‐mediated macrophage infiltration and chronic inflammation. Am J Pathol 2011, 178:382–90.
Zheng, D, Bode, AM, Zhao, Q, Cho, YY, Zhu, F, Ma, WY, Dong, Z. The cannabinoid receptors are required for ultraviolet‐induced inflammation and skin cancer development. Cancer Res 2008, 68:3992–8.
Alderton, GK. Inflammation: the gut takes a toll on liver cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2012, 12:379.
Barash, H, Gross, RE, Edrei, Y, Ella, E, Israel, A, Cohen, I, Corchia, N, Ben‐Moshe, T, Pappo, O, Pikarsky, E, et al. Accelerated carcinogenesis following liver regeneration is associated with chronic inflammation‐induced double‐strand DNA breaks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010, 107:2207–12.
He, G, Karin, M. NF‐κB and STAT3 ‐ key players in liver inflammation and cancer. Cell Res 2011, 21:159–68.
Al Murri, AM, Bartlett, JM, Canney, PA, Doughty, JC, Wilson, C, McMillan, DC. Evaluation of an inflammation‐based prognostic score (GPS) in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2006, 94:227–30.
Cohen, EN, Gao, H, Anfossi, S, Mego, M, Reddy, NG, Debeb, B, Giordano, A, Tin, S, Wu, Q, Garza, RJ, et al. Inflammation mediated metastasis: immune induced epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition in inflammatory breast cancer cells. PLoS ONE 2015, 10:e0132710.
HunJ, RJ, Ulrich, CM, Goode, EL, Brhane, Y, Muir, K, Chan, AT, Marchand, LL, Schildkraut, J, Witte, JS, Eeles, R, et al. Cross cancer genomic investigation of inflammation pathway for five common cancers: lung, ovary, prostate, breast, and colorectal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2015, 107:djv246. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djv246.
Engels, EA, Wu, X, Gu, J, Dong, Q, Liu, J, Spitz, MR. Systematic evaluation of genetic variants in the inflammation pathway and risk of lung cancer. Cancer Res 2007, 67:6520–7.
Spitz, MR, Gorlov, IP, Amos, CI, Dong, Q, Chen, W, Etzel, CJ, Gorlova, OY, Chang, DW, Pu, X, Zhang, D, et al. Variants in inflammation genes are implicated in risk of lung cancer in never smokers exposed to second‐hand smoke. Cancer Discov 2011, 1:420–9.
Bian, Y, Hall, B, Sun, ZJ, Molinolo, A, Chen, W, Gutkind, JS, Waes, CV, Kulkarni, AB. Loss of TGF‐ββ signaling and PTEN promotes head and neck squamous cell carcinoma through cellular senescence evasion and cancer‐related inflammation. Oncogene 2012, 31:3322–32.
Bornstein, S, White, R, Malkoski, S, Oka, M, Han, G, Cleaver, T, Reh, D, Andersen, P, Gross, N, Olson, S, et al. Smad4 loss in mice causes spontaneous head and neck cancer with increased genomic instability and inflammation. J Clin Invest 2009, 119:3408–19.
Schetter, AJ, Heegaard, NH, Harris, CC. Inflammation and cancer: interweaving microRNA, free radical, cytokine and p53 pathways. Carcinogenesis 2010, 31:37–49.
Taniguchi, K, Karin, M. IL‐6 and related cytokines as the critical lynchpins between inflammation and cancer. Semin Immunol 2014, 26:54–74.
Dmitrieva, OS, Shilovskiy, IP, Khaitov, MR, Grivennikov, SI. Interleukins 1 and 6 as Main Mediators of Inflammation and Cancer. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2016, 81:80–90.
Yang, Y, Guo, Y, Tan, S, Ke, B, Tao, J, Liu, H, Jiang, J, Chen, J, Chen, G, Wu, B. β‐Arrestin1 enhances hepatocellular carcinogenesis through inflammation‐mediated Akt signalling. Nat Commun 2015, 6:7369.
Sangaletti, S, Tripodo, C, Ratti, C, Piconese, S, Porcasi, R, Salcedo, R, Trinchieri, G, Colombo, MP, Chiodoni, C. Oncogene‐driven intrinsic inflammation induces leukocyte production of tumor necrosis factor that critically contributes to mammary carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 2010, 70:7764–75.
Xu, L, Yi, HG, Wu, Z, Han, W, Chen, K, Zang, M, Wang, D, Zhao, X, Wang, H, Qu, C. Activation of mucosal mast cells promotes inflammation‐related colon cancer development through recruiting and modulating inflammatory CD11b(+)Gr1(+) cells. Cancer Lett 2015, 364:173–80.
Wimberly, AL, Forsyth, CB, Khan, MW, Pemberton, A, Khazaie, K, Keshavarzian, A. Ethanol‐induced mast cell‐mediated inflammation leads to increased susceptibility of intestinal tumorigenesis in the APC Delta468 min mouse model of colon cancer. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013, 37 Suppl 1:E199–208.
Samraj, AN, Pearce, OM, Laubli, H, Crittenden, AN, Bergfeld, AK, Banda, K, Gregg, CJ, Bingman, AE, Secrest, P, Diaz, SL, et al. A red meat‐derived glycan promotes inflammation and cancer progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2015, 112:542–7.
Meira, LB, Bugni, JM, Green, SL, Lee, CW, Pang, B, Borenshtein, D, Rickman, BH, Rogers, AB, Moroski‐Erkul, CA, McFaline, JL, et al. DNA damage induced by chronic inflammation contributes to colon carcinogenesis in mice. J Clin Invest 2008, 118:2516–25.
Erdman, SE, Rao, VP, Poutahidis, T, Rogers, AB, Taylor, CL, Jackson, EA, Ge, Z, Lee, CW, Schauer, DB, Wogan, GN, et al. Nitric oxide and TNF‐α trigger colonic inflammation and carcinogenesis in Helicobacter hepaticus‐infected, Rag2‐deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009, 106:1027–32.
Arthur, JC, Perez‐Chanona, E, Muhlbauer, M, Tomkovich, S, Uronis, JM, Fan, TJ, Campbell, BJ, Abujamel, T, Dogan, B, Rogers, AB, et al. Intestinal inflammation targets cancer‐inducing activity of the microbiota. Science 2012, 338:120–3.
Suzuki, N, Murata‐Kamiya, N, Yanagiya, K, Suda, W, Hattori, M, Kanda, H, Bingo, A, Fujii, Y, Maeda, S, Koike, K, et al. Mutual reinforcement of inflammation and carcinogenesis by the Helicobacter pylori CagA oncoprotein. Sci Rep 2015, 5:10024.
Echizen, K, Hirose, O, Maeda, Y, Oshima, M. Inflammation in gastric cancer: Interplay of the COX‐2/prostaglandin E2 and Toll‐like receptor/MyD88 pathways. Cancer Sci 2016, 107:391–7.
Abu‐Remaileh, M, Bender, S, Raddatz, G, Ansari, I, Cohen, D, Gutekunst, J, Musch, T, Linhart, H, Breiling, A, Pikarsky, E, et al. Chronic inflammation induces a novel epigenetic program that is conserved in intestinal adenomas and in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 2015, 75:2120–30.
Belkina, AC, Denis, GV. BET domain co‐regulators in obesity, inflammation and cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2012, 12:465–77.
Fukumura, D, Incio, J, Shankaraiah, RC, Jain, RK. Obesity and cancer: an angiogenic and inflammatory link. Microcirculation 2016, 23:191–206.
Howe, LR, Subbaramaiah, K, Hudis, CA, Dannenberg, AJ. Molecular pathways: adipose inflammation as a mediator of obesity‐associated cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2013, 19:6074–83.
Iyengar, NM, Zhou, XK, Gucalp, A, Morris, PG, Howe, LR, Giri, DD, Morrow, M, Wang, H, Pollak, M, Jones, LW, et al. Systemic correlates of white adipose tissue inflammation in early‐stage breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2016, 22:2283–9.
Trinchieri, G. Cancer and inflammation: an old intuition with rapidly evolving new concepts. Annu Rev Immunol 2012, 30:677–706.
Incio, J, Liu, H, Suboj, P, Chin, SM, Chen, IX, Pinter, M, Ng, MR, Nia, HT, Grahovac, J, Kao, S, et al. Obesity‐induced inflammation and desmoplasia promote pancreatic cancer progression and resistance to chemotherapy. Cancer Discov. In press. doi: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-15-1177.
Incio, J, Tam, J, Rahbari, NN, Suboj, P, McManus, DT, Chin, SM, Vardam, TD, Batista, A, Babykutty, S, Jung, K, et al. PlGF/VEGFR‐1 signaling promotes macrophage polarization and accelerated tumor progression in obesity. Clin Cancer Res. In press. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15-1839.
De Marzo, AM, Platz, EA, Sutcliffe, S, Xu, J, Gronberg, H, Drake, CG, Nakai, Y, Isaacs, WB, Nelson, WG. Inflammation in prostate carcinogenesis. Nat Rev Cancer 2007, 7:256–69.
Taverna, G, Pedretti, E, Di Caro, G, Borroni, EM, Marchesi, F, Grizzi, F. Inflammation and prostate cancer: friends or foe? Inflamm Res 2015, 64:275–86.
Moreira, DM, Nickel, JC, Andriole, GL, Castro‐Santamaria, R, Freedland, SJ. Chronic baseline prostate inflammation is associated with lower tumor volume in men with prostate cancer on repeat biopsy: results from the REDUCE study. Prostate 2015, 75:1492–8.
Dubey, S, Vanveldhuizen, P, Holzbeierlein, J, Tawfik, O, Thrasher, JB, Karan, D. Inflammation‐associated regulation of the macrophage inhibitory cytokine (MIC‐1) gene in prostate cancer. Oncol Lett 2012, 3:1166–70.
Karan, D, Holzbeierlein, J, Thrasher, JB. Macrophage inhibitory cytokine‐1: possible bridge molecule of inflammation and prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2009, 69:2–5.
Shiels, MS, Katki, HA, Hildesheim, A, Pfeiffer, RM, Engels, EA, Williams, M, Kemp, TJ, Caporaso, NE, Pinto, LA, Chaturvedi, AK. Circulating inflammation markers, risk of lung cancer, and utility for risk stratification. J Natl Cancer Inst 2015, 107:djv199. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djv199.
Wang, YQ, Jin, C, Zheng, HM, Zhou, K, Shi, BB, Zhang, Q, Zheng, FY, Lin, F. A novel prognostic inflammation score predicts outcomes in patients with ovarian cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2016, 456:163–9.
Zheng, RR, Huang, M, Jin, C, Wang, HC, Yu, JT, Zeng, LC, Zheng, FY, Lin, F. Cervical cancer systemic inflammation score: a novel predictor of prognosis. Oncotarget 2016, 7:15230–42.
Ericsson, AC, Myles, M, Davis, W, Ma, L, Lewis, M, Maggio‐Price, L, Franklin, C. Noninvasive detection of inflammation‐associated colon cancer in a mouse model. Neoplasia 2010, 12:1054–65.
Diakos, CI, Charles, KA, McMillan, DC, Clarke, SJ. Cancer‐related inflammation and treatment effectiveness. Lancet Oncol 2014, 15:e493–503.
Bonavita, E, Galdiero, MR, Jaillon, S, Mantovani, A. Phagocytes as corrupted policemen in cancer‐related inflammation. Adv Cancer Res 2015, 128:141–71.
Chauhan, VP, Martin, JD, Liu, H, Lacorre, DA, Jain, SR, Kozin, SV, Stylianopoulos, T, Mousa, AS, Han, X, Adstamongkonkul, P, et al. Angiotensin inhibition enhances drug delivery and potentiates chemotherapy by decompressing tumour blood vessels. Nat Commun 2013, 4:2516.
Stylianopoulos, T, Martin, JD, Chauhan, VP, Jain, SR, Diop‐Frimpong, B, Bardeesy, N, Smith, BL, Ferrone, CR, Hornicek, FJ, Boucher, Y, et al. Causes, consequences, and remedies for growth‐induced solid stress in murine and human tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012, 109:15101–8.
Levental, KR, Yu, H, Kass, L, Lakins, JN, Egeblad, M, Erler, JT, Fong, SF, Csiszar, K, Giaccia, A, Weninger, W, et al. Matrix crosslinking forces tumor progression by enhancing integrin signaling. Cell 2009, 139:891–906.
Provenzano, PP, Inman, DR, Eliceiri, KW, Keely, PJ. Matrix density‐induced mechanoregulation of breast cell phenotype, signaling and gene expression through a FAK‐ERK linkage. Oncogene 2009, 28:4326–43.
Conklin, MW, Eickhoff, JC, Riching, KM, Pehlke, CA, Eliceiri, KW, Provenzano, PP, Friedl, A, Keely, PJ. Aligned collagen is a prognostic signature for survival in human breast carcinoma. Am J Pathol 2011, 178:1221–32.
Pickup, MW, Laklai, H, Acerbi, I, Owens, P, Gorska, AE, Chytil, A, Aakre, M, Weaver, VM, Moses, HL. Stromally derived lysyl oxidase promotes metastasis of transforming growth factor‐β‐deficient mouse mammary carcinomas. Cancer Res 2013, 73:5336–46.
Chauhan, VP, Lanning, RM, Diop‐Frimpong, B, Mok, W, Brown, EB, Padera, TP, Boucher, Y, Jain, RK. Multiscale measurements distinguish cellular and interstitial hindrances to diffusion in vivo. Biophys J 2009, 97:330–6.
Misra, S, Hascall, VC, Markwald, RR, Ghatak, S. Interactions between hyaluronan and its receptors (CD44, RHAMM) regulate the activities of inflammation and cancer. Front Immunol 2015, 6:201.
Schwertfeger, KL, Cowman, MK, Telmer, PG, Turley, EA, McCarthy, JB. Hyaluronan, inflammation, and breast cancer progression. Front Immunol 2015, 6:236.
Park, KR, Monsky, WL, Lee, CG, Song, CH, Kim, DH, Jain, RK, Fukumura, D. Mast cells contribute to radiation‐induced vascular hyperpermeability. Radiat Res 2016, 185:182–9.
Kozin, SV, Kamoun, WS, Huang, Y, Dawson, MR, Jain, RK, Duda, DG. Recruitment of myeloid but not endothelial precursor cells facilitates tumor regrowth after local irradiation. Cancer Res 2010, 70:5679–85.
Crusz, SM, Balkwill, FR. Inflammation and cancer: advances and new agents. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2015, 12:584–96.
Wang, D, Dubois, RN. The role of COX‐2 in intestinal inflammation and colorectal cancer. Oncogene 2010, 29:781–8.
Wang, D, Dubois, RN, Richmond, A. The role of chemokines in intestinal inflammation and cancer. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2009, 9:688–96.
Gomes, M, Teixeira, AL, Coelho, A, Araujo, A, Medeiros, R. The role of inflammation in lung cancer. Adv Exp Med Biol 2014, 816:1–23.
Phillips, RK, Wallace, MH, Lynch, PM, Hawk, E, Gordon, GB, Saunders, BP, Wakabayashi, N, Shen, Y, Zimmerman, S, Godio, L, et al. A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study of celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, on duodenal polyposis in familial adenomatous polyposis. Gut 2002, 50:857–60.
Gasparini, G, Meo, S, Comella, G, Stani, SC, Mariani, L, Gamucci, T, Avallone, A, Lo Vullo, S, Mansueto, G, Bonginelli, P, et al. The combination of the selective cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitor celecoxib with weekly paclitaxel is a safe and active second‐line therapy for non‐small cell lung cancer: a phase II study with biological correlates. Cancer J 2005, 11:209–16.
Iwama, T, Akasu, T, Utsunomiya, J, Muto, T. Does a selective cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitor (tiracoxib) induce clinically sufficient suppression of adenomas in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis? A randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled clinical trial. Int J Clin Oncol 2006, 11:133–9.
Zhou, YY, Hu, ZG, Zeng, FJ, Han, J. Clinical profile of cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitors in treating non‐small cell lung cancer: a meta‐analysis of nine randomized clinical trials. PLoS ONE 2016, 11:e0151939.
Smith, GR, Missailidis, S. Cancer, inflammation and the AT1 and AT2 receptors. J Inflamm (Lond) 2004, 1:3.
Incio, J, Suboj, P, Chin, SM, Vardam‐Kaur, T, Liu, H, Hato, T, Babykutty, S, Chen, I, Deshpande, V, Jain, RK, et al. Metformin reduces desmoplasia in pancreatic cancer by reprogramming stellate cells and tumor‐associated macrophages. PLoS ONE 2015, 10:e0141392.
Hingorani, SR, Harris, WP, Beck, JT, Berdov, BA, Wagner, SA, Pshevlotsky, EM, Tjulandin, SA, Gladkov, OA, Holcombe, RF, Korn, R, et al. Phase Ib study of PEGylated recombinant human hyaluronidase and gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2016, 22:2848–54.
Topalian, SL, Hodi, FS, Brahmer, JR, Gettinger, SN, Smith, DC, McDermott, DF, Powderly, JD, Carvajal, RD, Sosman, JA, Atkins, MB, et al. Safety, activity, and immune correlates of anti‐PD‐1 antibody in cancer. N Engl J Med 2012, 366:2443–54.
Bayne, LJ, Beatty, GL, Jhala, N, Clark, CE, Rhim, AD, Stanger, BZ, Vonderheide, RH. Tumor‐derived granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor regulates myeloid inflammation and T cell immunity in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Cell 2012, 21:822–35.
Yu, GT, Bu, LL, Huang, CF, Zhang, WF, Chen, WJ, Gutkind, JS, Kulkarni, AB, Sun, ZJ. PD‐1 blockade attenuates immunosuppressive myeloid cells due to inhibition of CD47/SIRPα axis in HPV negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2015, 6:42067–80.
Zhang, Y, Velez‐Delgado, A, Mathew, E, Li, D, Mendez, FM, Flannagan, K, Rhim, AD, Simeone, DM, Beatty, GL, Pasca di Magliano, M. Myeloid cells are required for PD‐1/PD‐L1 checkpoint activation and the establishment of an immunosuppressive environment in pancreatic cancer. Gut. In press. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312078.

Access to this WIREs title is by subscription only.

Recommend to Your
Librarian Now!

Cancer and inflammation

Related Articles

Browse by Topic

Access to this WIREs title is by subscription only.

The latest WIREs articles in your inbox