Treaties and kinship bonds in the Great Lakes region in North America ‐ historically and today ‐ are ways in which indigenous peoples seek to engender relational qualities of reciprocity, trust, consent, and accountability connecting humans and nonhumans. U.S. and Canadian violations of these qualities lessen environmental resilience and increase risks to indigenous peoples from climate change impacts and mitigation projects.

Rock Creek, Kettle River, British Columbia. Image copyright Andreas Rutkauskas 2019. Used with kind permission of the artist.

Hope stems not from a denial of “it's too late” but from holding still in the uncomfortable space between climate‐induced endings and possibilities and engaging in the profound inner and outer work that must be done once the lateness of our current predicament is recognized.

Core elements of recommended climate‐related financial disclosures.

Biomass resources and biotechnology contribute to a LEDS.

Far‐reaching, urgent action is vital to address climate change for Pacific Small Island Developing States. However, claims it is “too late” or societal collapse is “inevitable” overlook the importance of ongoing global mitigation efforts and local adaptation by communities including youth and women, informed by values of collective action.