Inner ear efferents (IEEs) provide feedback to the inner ear. Originating with facial branchial motor neurons (FBMNs) from a pool of visceral motor neuron (MNv) progenitors in the brainstem, IEE precursors produce olivocochlear neurons (OCNs) and vestibular efferent neurons (VENs). In the cochlea, OCN axons project along spiral ganglion neuron (SGN) afferent processes.

Differential cell‐on‐cell migration is essential to Xenopus gastrulation. A prominent mode of cell translocation involved is mesenchymal (shown above). Cells use C‐cadherin, fibronectin, integrins, and focal contact components to generate flexible adhesions during migration. Cells also show plasticity and paradoxical control of migratory behavior.