Muscle growth and regeneration is regulated by obligate tissue resident muscle stem cells. Here, we review the current understanding of the role of muscle stem cells in muscle growth, specifically discussing the distinct processes used by amniotes and teleosts, and in muscle regeneration, addressing the importance of muscle stem cell heterogeneity, and the niche.

The fetal‐placental connection in the mouse gastrula. Recent discoveries at the posterior embryonic‐extraembryonic interface of the mouse gastrula expand upon the traditional view of the allantois and associated tissues, and reveal new elements that, in the current view, together create and pattern the fetal‐placental arterial connection, whose mechanism of establishment and alignment along the anterior–posterior body axis are the focus of this review article. ACD, allantoic core domain, or extraembryonic component of the primitive streak; al, allantois; am, amnion; AX, allantois‐associated extraembryonic visceral endoderm; bi, blood island; CASP3, activated CASPASE‐3 protein; ch, chorion; dAX, distal [to] allantois‐associated extraembryonic visceral endoderm; ips, intra‐embryonic component of the primitive streak; rod, visceral‐endoderm derived bifurcation into the allantois and associated with the ACD; xve, extraembryonic visceral endoderm; vys, visceral yolk sac. The white asterisk within the red circle is the vessel of confluence.

Assembly of the Neurogliovascular Unit during Development.

Local and remote signals regulate insulin and glucagon in the Drosophila larva.