Nanomedicines combining different strategies with chemotherapy for combating MDR.

The concise synergistic strategies for the immuno‐oncotherapy based on the multifunctional nanomaterials (mfNMs) that consist of photothermal nanoagents, immunoadjuvants, and ICP inhibitors.

Integration of single‐molecule detection with functional nanomaterials enables the construction of various single‐molecule fluorescent nanosensors.

AEP‐AOP framework. The AEP framework outlines source to target site exposure (only target site exposure shown); the AEP and AOP frameworks interface at the target site, where a molecular initiating event (MIE) occurs and is followed by key events (KE) for adverse cellular and organ responses along a biological pathway and ends with the adverse organism response.

Applications of nanomaterials.

Traditional melt‐based polymer processing offers distinct advantages for manufacturing slow‐release pharmaceutical products, yet has received relatively little attention when used for therapeutic proteins. This article discusses recent examples, critical challenges, and presents potential solutions to encourage therapeutic protein formulations made through hot melt extrusion.

Nanoparticles (NPs) for in vivo imaging. Fluorescent NPs including fluorescent proteins, quantum dots, carbon dots, aggregation‐induced emission NPs, and upconversion NPs are powerful platform materials for imaging and therapy.

To reduce mortality from common yet complicated septic infections, micro and nanotechnologies which target multiple sepsis biomarkers can provide faster, more accurate, and personalized diagnosis to support early treatment.

Rapid development of chemistry and materials science successfully obtained the combinations of organisms with nanomaterials by biomimetic mineralization. This review summarizes recent advances in materials‐directed organism engineering and emphasizes their outstanding biomedical applications.

Bats are natural carriers of the new SARS‐CoV‐2 coronavirus, which can be transmitted to humans through certain intermediate hosts. AgNPs allow the internalization of the virus in the cells to be avoided by inhibiting the interaction between the spike (S) glycoprotein and its specific receptor. This study summarizes in vitro and in vivo studies in which AgNPs were used to counteract different viruses that cause respiratory diseases. In addition, the possible routes of AgNPs exposure and dose extrapolation to humans as a possible treatment for SARS‐CoV‐2 are analyzed.

Combined therapies are based on the use of nanoparticles that have an enhanced cargo release after stimulation with characteristics found in the tumor microenvironment (e.g., hypoxia, acidity, or ROS) combined with external stimuli (e.g., light, ultrasounds, or magnetic field).

Cancer‐associated‐platelet‐targeting nanomedicines and platelet membranecoating nanomedicines.